Hormone Therapy and Castration Resistance of Prostate Cancer

420 Pages·2018·7.676 MB·English

by  Yoichi Arai, Osamu Ogawa

Hormone Therapy and
Castration Resistance of
Prostate Cancer
Yoichi Arai
Osamu Ogawa
Editors
123
Hormone Therapy and Castration Resistance
of Prostate Cancer
Yoichi Arai • Osamu Ogawa
Editors
Hormone Therapy and
Castration Resistance of
Prostate Cancer
Editors
Yoichi Arai Osamu Ogawa
Department of Urology Department of Urology
Tohoku University School of Medicine Kyoto University Graduate School
Sendai of Medicine
Japan Kyoto
Japan
ISBN 978-981-10-7012-9 ISBN 978-981-10-7013-6 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7013-6
Library of Congress Control Number: 2018941209
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Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Yoichi Arai and Osamu Ogawa
2 Recent Trends in Hormone Therapy for Prostate Cancer
in Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Mizuki Onozawa and Hideyuki Akaza
3 Risk Assessment Among Patients Receiving Primary ADT
for Prostate Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Shiro Hinotsu
4 Patient-Derived Xenografts for Research on Hormonal Therapy
of Prostate Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Takahiro Inoue
5 Impact of GnRH Antagonist and LHRH Agonist on 
the Gonadal Axis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Yoshiyuki Miyazawa, Yoshitaka Sekine, and Kazuhiro Suzuki
6 Controversies on Combined Androgen Blockade for 
Prostate Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Atsushi Mizokami
7 Adrenal Androgen in Prostate Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Yasuhiro Shibata
8 Intermittent ADT for Prostate Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Koichiro Akakura
9 Prognostic Significance of Monitoring Serum Testosterone
in Primary ADT for Prostate Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Shinichi Sakamoto
10 Ethnic Variation in Clinical Outcomes of Hormone Therapy
for Prostate Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Takashi Fukagai, Masashi Morita, Robert G. Carlile,
John L. Lederer, and Thomas Namiki
v
vi Contents
11 Androgen Deprivation Therapy in Combination
with Radical Prostatectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Takuya Koie and Chikara Ohyama
12 ADT in Combination with Radiation Therapy for 
Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Takashi Mizowaki
13 ADT as Salvage Therapy After Definitive Treatment
for Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Akira Yokomizo
14 Androgen Deprivation Therapy for Clinically Localized
Prostate Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Yoichi Arai and Koji Mitsuzuka
15 Complications of ADT for Prostate Cancer: Hot Flashes . . . . . . . . . . 133
Hideki Sakai and Tomoaki Hakariya
16 Complications of ADT for Prostate Cancer: Osteoporosis
and the Risk of Fracture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Hiroji Uemura
17 Metabolic Health for Patients with Prostate Cancer
During Androgen Deprivation Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Koji Mitsuzuka and Yoichi Arai
18 Bone Scan Index as a Biomarker of Bone Metastasis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Kenichi Nakajima and Lars Edenbrandt
19 Genetic Polymorphism Analysis in Predicting
Prognosis of Advanced Prostate Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Norihiko Tsuchiya
20 Local Therapy in Combination with Androgen
Deprivation Therapy for Metastatic Prostate Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Hideyasu Tsumura, Ken-Ichi Tabata, and Masatsugu Iwamura
21 Oxidative Stress and Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer . . . . . . . 201
Masaki Shiota
22 Alternative Antiandrogen Therapy for CRPC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Takanobu Utsumi, Naoto Kamiya, Masashi Yano, Takumi Endo,
and Hiroyoshi Suzuki
23 Optimization of Sequential AR Targeted Therapy for CRPC . . . . . . 225
Naoki Terada
24 Enzalutamide Therapy for mCRPC in Japanese Men . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
Go Kimura
Contents vii
25 Abiraterone Acetate Therapy for mCRPC in Japanese Men . . . . . . . 241
Masaomi Ikeda and Takefumi Satoh
26 Role of Estramustine Phosphate and Other Estrogens
for Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
Takahiro Inoue
27 Corticosteroid Therapy for CRPC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
Kazuo Nishimura
28 microRNA Analysis in Prostate Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Hideki Enokida
29 AR Splice Variant in Prostate Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
Shinichi Yamashita and Yoichi Arai
30 Detection of Circulating Tumor Cells in 
Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
Takatsugu Okegawa
31 New Biomarker for Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer:
A Glycobiological Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
Shingo Hatakeyama, Tohru Yoneyama, Hayato Yamamoto,
Yuki Tobisawa, Shin-Ichiro Nishimura, and Chikara Ohyama
32 Bone-Targeted Treatment in CRPC Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
Tomomi Kamba
33 Skeletal Complications in Patients with CRPC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
Takamitsu Inoue and Tomonori Habuchi
34 Urological Complications in Men Dying from Prostate Cancer . . . . . 339
Takashi Kobayashi
35 Prediction of Optimal Number of Cycles in Docetaxel Regimen
for Patients with mCRPC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
Hideyasu Matsuyama, Tomoyuki Shimabukuro, Isao Hara,
Kazuhiro Suzuki, Hirotsugu Uemura, Munehisa Ueno,
Yoshihiko Tomita, and Nobuaki Shimizu
36 Intermittent Chemotherapy with Docetaxel for Metastatic
Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
Shintaro Narita and Tomonori Habuchi
37 Chemotherapy with Cabazitaxel for mCRPC
in Japanese Men . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
Masahiro Nozawa and Hirotsugu Uemura
38 New Targeted Approach to CRPC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
Takeo Kosaka and Mototsugu Oya
viii Contents
39 Molecular Basis of Neuroendocrine Prostate Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
Shusuke Akamatsu
40 Gene Therapy for Prostate Cancer: Current Status
and Future Prospects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
Yasutomo Nasu and Masami Watanabe
41 Immune Therapy for Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer . . . . . . . 407
Kazuhiro Yoshimura, Takafumi Minami, Masahiro Nozawa,
and Hirotsugu Uemura
42 A New Approach to Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer Using
Inactivated Virus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
Kazutoshi Fujita, Yasufumi Kaneda, and Norio Nonomura
43 Patient-Reported Outcome in the Management of CRPC . . . . . . . . . 427
Nobuaki Matsubara
Introduction 1
Yoichi Arai and Osamu Ogawa
Abstract
This comprehensive reference expounds the current state of hormone therapy
and castration resistance of prostate cancer. Prostate cancer is the most c ommonly
diagnosed malignancy in men of Western countries. Previously, its incidence in
Northeast Asia including Japan had been considered to be relatively low, but it
has been dramatically increasing in recent years. Based on the Cancer Information
Service of the National Cancer Center, there were 98,400 estimated new cases of
prostate cancer in 2015, making the disease the leading cancer in Japanese men.
Although most of the new cases are diagnosed in early stages, a significant pro-
portion of patients receive hormone therapy for metastatic disease or for relapse
after local treatment. Thus the situation has gradually changed toward earlier and
longer use of hormone therapy. The malignancy will finally form castration-
resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) despite the lack of testicular androgen.
This comprehensive reference expounds the current state of hormone therapy and
castration resistance of prostate cancer. Prostate cancer is the most commonly diag-
nosed malignancy in men of Western countries. Previously, its incidence in Northeast
Asia including Japan had been considered to be relatively low, but it has been dra-
matically increasing in recent years. Based on the Cancer Information Service of the
National Cancer Center, there were 98,400 estimated new cases of prostate cancer
in 2015, making the disease the leading cancer in Japanese men. Although most of
the new cases are diagnosed in early stages, a significant proportion of patients
receive hormone therapy for metastatic disease or for relapse after local treatment.
Y. Arai
Department of Urology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
O. Ogawa (*)
Department of Urology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
e-mail: [email protected]
© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2018 1
Y. Arai, O. Ogawa (eds.), Hormone Therapy and Castration Resistance
of Prostate Cancer, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7013-6_1
2 Y. Arai and O. Ogawa
Thus the situation has gradually changed toward earlier and longer use of hormone
therapy. The malignancy will finally form castration-resistant prostate cancer
(CRPC) despite the lack of testicular androgen.
With advance in understanding on the molecular basis of hormone dependence
and castration-resistant prostate cancer, many new androgen receptor-targeted
agents have emerged. During the last decade, many evidences on hormone therapy
have been accumulated from Japan. Interestingly some of these findings seem to be
different from those reported from Western countries, suggesting the ethnic varia-
tion of outcome of hormone therapy. In this context, further accumulation of evi-
dence from Asian countries is warranted in this research field. In the chapters of this
book, expert authors provide exhaustive interpretations of the evidence recently
reported from Japan and provide important Asian perspectives on hormone therapy
for PCa. In addition, some novel concepts of the treatment for CRPC are introduced.
This work benefits not only Asian urologists but also their Western counterparts and
all physicians and medical personnel who are involved in the treatment of PCa.