Hormonal Regulation of Plant Growth and Development

430 Pages·1985·26.389 MB·English

by  S. P. Sen (auth.), S. S. Purohit (eds.)

HORMONAL REGULATION OF PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
ADVANCES IN AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
Akazawa T., et al., eds: The New Frontiers in Plant Biochemistry. 1983.
ISBN 90-247-2829-0
Gottschalk W. and Muller H.P., eds: Seed Proteins: Biochemistry, Genetics, Nu
tritive Value. 1983. ISBN 90-247-2789-8
Marcelle R., Clijsters H. and Van Poucke M., eds: Effects of Stress on
Photosynthesis. 1983. ISBN 90-247-2799-5
Veeger C. and Newton W.E., eds: Advances in Nitrogen Fixation Research.
1984. ISBN 90-247-2906-8
Chinoy N.J., ed: The Role of Ascorbic Acid in Growth, Differentiation and
Metabolism of Plants. 1984. ISBN 90-247-2908-4
Wit combe J .R. and Erskine W., eds: Genetic Resources and Their Exploitation
- Chickpeas, Faba beans and Lentils. 1984. ISBN 90-247-2939-4
Sybesma C., ed: Advances in Photosynthesis Research. Vols. I-IV. 1984.
ISBN 90-247-2946-7
Siron val C., and Brouers M., eds: Protochlorophyllide Reduction and Greening.
1984. ISBN 90-247-2954-8
Fuchs Y., and Chalutz E., eds: Ethylene: Biochemical, Physiological and Ap
plied Aspects. 1984. ISBN 9O-247-2984-X
Collins G.B., and Petqlino J.G., eds: Applications of Genetic Engineering to
Crop Improvement. 1984. ISBN 90-247-3084-8
Chapman G.P., and Tarawali S.A., eds: Systems for Cytogenetic Analysis in
Vicia Faba L. 1984. ISBN 90-247-3089-9
Hardarson G., and Lie T.A., eds: Breeding Legumes for Enhanced Symbiotic
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Magnien E., and De Nettancourt D., eds: Genetic Engineering of Plants and
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Schafer-Menuhr A., ed: In Vitro Techniques - Propagation and Long Term
Storage. 1985. ISBN 90-247-3186-0
Bright S.W.J., and Jones M.G.K., eds: Cerial Tissue and Cell Culture. 1985.
ISBN 90-247-3190-9 !
Purohit S.S., ed: Hormonal Regulation of Plant Growth and Development.
1985. ISBN 90-247-3198-4
Hormonal Regulation of Plant
Growth and Development
edited by
S.S. PUROHIT
Post Graduate Department of Botany
Dungar College. Bikaner 334001
India
1985 MARTINUS NIJHOFF IDR W. JUNK PUBLISHERS ".....
a member of the KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS GROUP
DORDRECHT / BOSTON / LANCASTER
Distributors
for the United States and Canada: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 190 Old Derby
Street, Hingham, MA 02043, USA
for the UK and Ireland: Kluwer Academic Publishers, MTP Press Limited,
Falcon House, Queen Square, Lancaster LA1 1RN, UK
for India, Pakistan, Burma and Sri Lanka: Agro Botanical Publishers (India),
Old Ginnani, Bikaner 334 001 India
for all other countries: Kluwer Academic Publishers Group, Distribution Center,
P.O. Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht, The Netherlands
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Main entry under title:
Hormonal regulation of plant growth and development.
(Advances in agricultural biotechnology)
1. Plant hormones. 2. Growth (Plants) 3. Plants-
Development. I. Purohit, S. S. II. Series.
QK73!.H64 1985 582' .03'1 85-11634
ISBN-13: 978-94-010-8773-5 e-ISBN-13: 978-94-009-5139-6
DOl: 10.1007/978-94-009-5139-6
Copyright
© 1985 by Martinus NijhofflDr W. Junk Publishers, Dordrecht and Agro
Botanical Publishers (India).
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1985
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, mechanical,
photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of
the publishers,
Martinus NijhofflDr W. Junk Publishers, P.O. Box 163, 3300 AD Dordrecht
The Netherlands and Agro Botanical Publishers (India).
PREFACE
Plant hormone research is the favorite topic of physiologists. Past three
decades have witnessed that this subject has received much attention.
The inquisitive nature of human mind has pumped much in literature
on this subject and this volume is the product of such minds. In the
following pages various hormonal-controlled physiological processes
like, flowering, seed dormancy and germination, enzyme secretion, senes
cence, ion transport, fruit ripening, root growth and development, thig
momorphogenesis and tendril thigmonasty have been included. The
volume also contains a review paper on 'Growth Regulating Activity of
Penicillin in Higher Plants' and has been presented for the first time. The
vast contents of each review paper have been written by erudite scholars
who have admirably carried out their evangelic task to make the
text up TO date. This volume, I am sure, would stimulate the appetite
of researchers of peripheral disciplines of botany and agricultural
sciences and they will continue to enjoy the fun and adventures of plant
hormone research.
Save one. my most outstanding debts are due to the rich array of the
contributors and other plant physiologists specially to Prof. Thomas
Gaspar (Belgium), Prof. E. E. Goldschmidt (Isreal), Prof. H. Greppin
(Switzerland), Dr. K. Gurumurti (India), Prof. M. A. Hall (U.K.), Prof.
H. Harada (Japan), Dr. M. Kaminek (Czechoslovakia), Dr. J. L. Karm
oker (BangIa Desh), Prof. Peter B. Kaufman (U. S. A.), Dr. V. I. Kefeli
./
(U. S. S. R.), Dr. M. Kutaoek (Czechoslovakia), Prof. S. Lewak (Poland),
Dr. K. Lurssen (West Germany), Prof. S. Mukherji (India), Dr. CI.
Penel (Switzerland), Dr. K. G. Purohit (India), Dr. V. Rajagopal (India),
Prof. B. Sabater (Spain), Prof. G. Sambdner (D. D. R.), Prof S. P.
Sen (India) Prof. K. Shimokawa (Japan), Dr. H. S. Srivastava (India),
Prof. A. Szweykowska (Poland), and Dr. S, Tanimoto (Japan) to
whome this volume belongs. They have inspired me for the prepara
tion of this volume. In editing and production I have received
assistance from many persons who cheerfully embraced the onerous
task, I am thankful to them.
I also express my thanks to Mrs. Saraswati who have taken keen inte
rest in publication of this volume.
Bikaner July 1984 S. S. Purohit
LIST OF THE CONTRIBUTORS
DAY ANANDAN, P., Department of Botany, Madras Christian C,)llege,
Tambaram, Madras 600 059 (India).
GASPAR,THOMAS, Hormonologie, Fundamentale et Appliquee,lnst
itut de Botanique (B 22) Univ. de Liege-Sart, Tilman B·4000, Liege
(Belgium).
GERPPIN H., Laboratoire de Physiologie Vegetale, 3 Place de I' Univ
ersite, CH- 1211, Geneve 4 (Switzerland).
GURUMURTI, K., GUPTA B. B., KUMAR, ADARSH, Plant Physi
ology Branch, Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun 248006 (India).
HARADA, H., Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Tuskuba,
Sakura-mura, Ibaraki, 305 (Japan).
JAFFE, MORDECAI, J., Department of Biology, Wake Forest Univer
sity, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27109 (U. S. A.)
KARtytOKER, J. L., Department of Botany, Dacca University, Dacca
(B:mgla Dash).
KAUFMAN, PETER B., Division of Biological Sciences, The University
of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1048 (U. S. A.)
LEWAK, STANISLAW, Institute of Botany, The University of Warsaw,
Warszaw (Poland).
LURSSEN, KLAUS, Bayer A. G., Sparte Pflanzen schutz, Anwendungy
stechnik, Biologische Forchung. 5090 Leverkusen, Bayerwerk (West
Germany).
MUKHERJI, S., Department of Botany, University College of Science,
Calcutta University, Calcutta 700 019 (India).
PENEL, C., Laboratoire de Physiologic V eg~tale, 3, Place de l'
Universite, CH-1211 Geneve 4 (Switzerland).
PUROHIT, S. S., Laboratory of Plant Physiology, P. G. Departemcnt
of Botany, Dungar College, Bikaner 334 001 (India).
SABATER, B., Dpto. Fisiologia de Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias,
Univ. de Alcala de Henares, Apdo 20-Alcala de Henares, Madrid
(Spain).
SEN, S. P. Department of Botany, University of Kalyani, Kalyani,
741 235 (India).
SHIMOKAWA, K., Faculty of Agriculture, Miyazaki University,
Miyazaki 880 (Japan).
SRIVASTAVA, H. S., Department of Life Sciences, University of Indore,
Khandawa Road, Indore 452 001 (India).
TANIMOTO, S., Institute of Biological Sciences. University of Tusk
uba, Sakura-mura, Ibaraki, 305 (Japan).
CONTENTS
Preface
List of the Contributors
Contents
The Molecular Basis of Hormone Action
S. P. Sen 1-40
Introduction I, The Implication of (he Kinetics of Hormone Action 2,
Relationship between Molecular Structure and Biological Activity 5,
Auxins 5, Gibberellins 6, Cytokinins 7, Ethylene 7, Abscisic acid 7,
Terpenoids and Steroids 8, Brassins 9, Non protein amino acids 10,
Miscellaneous II, The Probable site of Hormone Action II, DNA:
Auxin II, Other hormones II, RNA 12, Protein: Auxin 13, Cytokinins
13, Gibberellins 14, ABA 14. Ethylene 14, Biological Significance of
receptors 15, Lipids 15, Carbohydrate 16, Myoinsitol 17, Amino acids 17,
Hormone action and Synthesis of RNA and Protein 17. Nature of Cell
growth 23, The Primary and Fast Reactions 23, Energy Implication of
Hormone Action 26, The Problems and Paradoxes of Hormone Action
28.
Hormonal Regulation of Flowering
S. Tanimoto and H. Harada 41-93
Introduction 41, Hormonal Regulation of Flowering in Intact Plants:
Short-day Plants, Xanthium strllmarium 43, Pharbitis nil 43, Perilla 45,
Chenopodium rub rum 46, Lemna paucicostata 6746 48, Glycine max 49,
Kalanchoe blossfldiana 49, Chrysanthemum morifolium 49, Impatiens b/asa
mina 50, Other Sh0rt-day Plants 50, Long-day Plants 51, Silene armeria
51, Lemna gibba G3 52, Lo/ium temlllentlim 53, Jlyosyanlls niger 54,
Rlidbeckia 55, Spnapis alba 56, Spincia oleracea 56, Arabidopsis thaliana
57, Other Long-day Plams 57, Cold Requiring Plants 57, Chrysan
themum morifolium 57, Althaea rosea 58, Other Cold-requiring Plants 59,
Other Plants 60, Ananas comosus 60, Bryophyllum 60, Short-long-day
Plants 61, Pisum sativum 61, Hormonal Regulation of in vitro Flowering
62. Apex Culture 62, Callus Culture 64, Organ Culture 65, Nicotiana
tabacum 65, Cichorium intybus 68, Plumbago indica 69, Streptocarpus
nobilis 69, Torenia fournieri 70, Other cases 72.
Hormones in Seed Dormancy and Germination
Stanislaw Lewd 95- 144
Introduction 95, The Imposed Dormancy 96, The Innate Dormancy 96,
The Phasic Character ofOermination 97, Hypolheses and Generalizl'tions
Concerning Involvement of Hormones in Dormancy and Germination
Control 99, The Inhibitor Hypothesis 100, Inhibitor-promotor equilibrium
102, Hypothesis on the Selective Roles of Hormones 105, Metabolic
Events during Dormancy Removal and Germination 107, Membranes 107,
Nucleic acid and Protein Synthesis 108, Enzyme Activation 110, Mobili-
7ation of Storage Materials 112, Energy Generation 115, Metabolic
Rcgulatic.n 117, Environmcntal Control of the Dormancy'removal and
Germination 119, Chains of Events during Dormancy Removal and Ger
mination 121, Metabolic Events during the Cold Mediated Removal of
apple Seed Dormancy 123, Metabolic Events during Germination of
Isolated apple Embryos Stimulated by Light 127, Camal Chains leading
to Growth Initiation 129.
Hormonal Control of Enzyme Secretion by Plant Cells
Claude Penel, Thomas Gaspar and Hubert Greppin 145-168
Introduction 145, The Mcchanism of Protein Secretion 146, The
Control of Sccretion 150, Hormonal Effects 153, IX-amylase from Cereal
Aleurone Cells 153. Peroxidases 159.
Hormonal Regulation of Senescence
B. Sabater 169-217
Introduction 169, Some Methodological Problems 170. Hormonal vs.
Nutritional Theories of Senescence 172, Retardents of Senescence 176.
Cytokinins 176. Gibberellins 177. Auxins 177, Other Retardants of
Senescence 177. Promotors of Senescence 178, Abscisic Acid 178.
Ethylene 179. Correlative Changes in the Levels of Retardants and Pro
motors of Senescence 179. Phytochrome and Senescence 183. Mecha
nism of Hormonal Control of Senescence 184. The Question of the
Receptor Cell 184, Hormonal Interactions 185, Lipids and Membranes
186. Respiration 189. Protein Level and Nutrient Transport 190.
Nucleic acid and Protein Synthesis 196. Other Biochemical Changes 201,
Chloroplast in Senescence 202.
Hormonal Regulation of Ion Transport in Plants
J. L. Karmoker 219-264
Introduction 219, Effect of Plant Hormones on K+/H+ Antiport 221.
Effects of Plant Hormones on Ion Transport in Excised Plant Tissues
225, Auxins 225, Gibberellic Acid 226. Abscisic ACId 227, Action of
ABA on Stomatal Guard Cell Mechanism 227, Effects of ABA on
Water Transport and Hydralulic Conductivity and its Relation to Ion
Transport 229, Effects of ABA on Ion Transport in Excised Tissue
231, Kinins 234. Action of Kinins on Water Transport and Hydraulic
Conductivity 234, Effects on Ion Transport 235, Effects of Plant Hor
mones on Ion Transport in Whole Plants 236, Action of Fusicoccin on
Ion Transport 239. Possible Mechanism of Hormonal Regulation of Ion
Transport 242. Effects of Plant Hormones on Transmembrane Potential
242. Effects of Hormones on Permeability ~haracteristics of Mem
branes 243, Effects of Hormones on Ion Pump and Carrie' Mechanism
245, Effects of Hormones on Metabolic Processes Involved in Ion Trans
port 247, Role of Endogenous Hormonal Level in Ion Transport 249,
Growth Regulating Activity of Penicillin in Higher Plants
S. S. Purohit and S. Mukberji 265 - 278
Introduction 265, Chemistry and biosynthesis 266, Induction of /X-amy
lase and Ribonuclease Synthesis 267, Synthesis and Retention of Chi oro-
plast Pigments 269, Effects on Leaf Morphology, Stem Circumference and
Internode Length 271, Levels of Endogenous Gibberellins and Cytokin
ins 271, Effect on DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis 373, Promotion of
root growth and development 273, Regulation of Growth and Embryo
genesis in Cultured Carrot Callus Tissue 274, Probable Mode of Action
275, Conclusion 276.
Physiology and Biochemistry of Ethylene
K. Sbimokawa 279-306
Introduction 279, Outline of Ethylene Research 279, Analysis of
Ethylene 282, Ethylene as a Plant Hormone 284, Ethylene as a Ripening
Hormone 285, The Kinds of Stress Produced Ethylene 286, Disease
486, Physical Stress 287, Autocatalytic Ethylene Formation (Ethylene
Stress, 288, Ethylene Formation in Soils 289, Biosynthesis of Ethylene
290, Pre· historic age of Ethylene Biosynthesis 290, Technological
Innovation of Ethylene Biosynthesis 290, The Non-enzymatic Appr
oach of Ethylene Formation 291, Establishment of Methionine as a
Precursor of Ethyl~De 292, Appearance of ACC as a New Precursor
292, Biochemical Action of Ethylene 293, Molecular Requirement of
Ethylene Action 293, Mechanism of Ethylene Action 295, Ribosomes
as a Target 295, Abscission 296. Chlorophyll Degradation 297, Fait
of Ethylene in vivo 2911, Conclusion 299.
Plant Responses to Ethylene and Ethylene Releasing Compounds
Kalus Lurssen 307 - 351
Introduction 307, Mode of Action of Ethylene 307, Effects of Ethylene
on Plant Metabolism 310, Involvement of Ethylene in Plant Growth
313, Ethylene Related Plant Growth Regulators 317, Application of
Ethylene Related Plant Growth Regulators in Agriculture and Horti
-culture 320, Stimulation of Ripening 321, Stimulation of Latex in Hevea
Trees 322, Flower Induction in Bromeliaceae 323, Abscission 323,
Stimulation of Germination 327, Induction of Female Flowers 327,
Prevention of Lodging in Cereals 327, Growth Inhibition 328, Male
Sterility 328, Other Effects of Ethylene Growth Regulators 329, Factors
Influencing the Performance of Ethylene Plant Growth Regulators 329,
Outlook 332.
Ethylene and Othe'r Plant Hormones in Thigmomorphogenesis and
Tendril Thigmonasty
Mordecai J. Jaffe 353-367
Introduction 353, Thigmomorphogenesis 353, The role of Ethylene in Thi·
gmomorphogensis 354, Physiological Systems 354, Interaction with Other
Physiological System 356, Ethylene Production 357, The Endomembrane
System 359, Other Hormone in Thigmomorphogenesis 360, The Role of
Gibberellins 360, The Role of Abscisic Acid 360, The Role of Auxin
361, AModel of the Involvement of Phytohormones 362, Thigmonast)'
in Tendrils 363.
Hormonal Regulation of the Gravitropic Response in Pulvini of
Grass Shoots
Peter B. Kaufman and P. Dayanandan 369-386
Introduction 369, The Grass Pulvinus and its Response to Gravistimula
tion, 369, Paucity of Lignin and Biogenic Silica in the Grass
Pulvinus 370, Growth Response of Gravistimulated Pulvini in Avena
and Hordeum 371, Cellular Basis of the Gravitropic Curvature Response
in the Grass Pulvinus 372, Precept ion of Gravity by Starch Statoliths in
the grass Pulvinus 374, Gravitropic Response in Grass Pulvini Treated
with different Hormones 376. Auxin and its Conjugates 376, Effects of
exogenously supplied GAs 377, Ethylene 377, Changes in Endogenous
Hormones during Gravistimulation 377, Native IAA 379, Native GAs
379, Ethylene 380, An overall Model for Hormonal Regulation of the
Gravitropic Response in Grass Pulvini 381, Implication for the future
383, Basic studies on Gravitropic Response in Cereal Grains and their
Agricultural Significance 383, Space Biology and Growth of Grasses in
Near Null Gravity of outer Space 383.
Hormona I Regulation of Root Formation
K. Gurumurti, B. B. Gupta and Adarsh Kumar 387-400
Introduction 387, Factors Affecting Rooting Response 388, Mechanism
of Root Formation 392.
Plant Hormones in Relation to Air Pollution Injury
H. S. Srivastava 401-408
Introduction 401, Air Pollution and Hormonal Metabolism 401, Ame
lioration from Air Pollution Injury by Plant Hormones 404.
Hormonal Regulation of Plant Growth and Development: Problems
and Prespectives
408-412