Homo Imperii: A History of Physical Anthropology in Russia

505 Pages·2013·6.66 MB·English

by  Marina Mogilner

H(cid:38)(cid:36)(cid:38)(cid:3)I(cid:36)(cid:39)(cid:28)(cid:41)(cid:32)(cid:32)
Critical Studies in the History of Anthropology
(cid:42)(cid:28)(cid:41)(cid:32)(cid:28)(cid:42)(cid:3)(cid:28)(cid:27)(cid:32)(cid:43)(cid:38)(cid:41)(cid:42)
Regna Darnell
Stephen O. Murray
H(cid:38)(cid:36)(cid:38) (cid:3)I (cid:36)(cid:39)(cid:28)(cid:41)(cid:32)(cid:32)
A History of Physical Anthropology
in Russia |
(cid:36)(cid:24)(cid:41)(cid:32)(cid:37)(cid:24)(cid:3)(cid:36)(cid:38)(cid:30)(cid:32)(cid:35)(cid:37)(cid:28)(cid:41)
University of Nebraska Press Lincoln & London
© 2013 by the Board of Regents of the University of Nebraska
All rights reserved
Manufactured in the United States of America
(cid:55)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:192)(cid:85)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:86)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:69)(cid:82)(cid:82)(cid:78)(cid:3)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:69)(cid:72)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:88)(cid:69)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:79)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:89)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:69)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)
author and was originally published in Russian at the New Literary
Review Publishing House in Moscow as (cid:43)(cid:82)(cid:80)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:83)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:76)(cid:29)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:76)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:192)(cid:93)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:78)(cid:82)(cid:76)(cid:3)
(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:83)(cid:82)(cid:79)(cid:82)(cid:74)(cid:76)(cid:76)(cid:3)(cid:89)(cid:3)(cid:53)(cid:82)(cid:86)(cid:86)(cid:76)(cid:76)(cid:3)(cid:11)(cid:78)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:72)(cid:87)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:59)(cid:44)(cid:59)(cid:178)(cid:81)(cid:68)(cid:70)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:59)(cid:59)(cid:3)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:78)(cid:68)(cid:12), © 2008 by Novoe
Literaturnoe Obozrenie, Moskva.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Mogilner, Marina, author.
Homo imperii: a history of physical anthropology
in Russia / Marina Mogilner.
pages: illustrations; cm.—(Critical studies in the
history of anthropology)
Revised version of the work originally published in Russian under
(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:29)(cid:3)(cid:43)(cid:82)(cid:80)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:83)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:76)(cid:29)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:76)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:192)(cid:93)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:78)(cid:82)(cid:76)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:83)(cid:82)(cid:79)(cid:82)(cid:74)(cid:76)(cid:76)(cid:3)(cid:89)(cid:3)(cid:53)(cid:82)(cid:86)(cid:86)(cid:76)(cid:76)(cid:3)(cid:11)(cid:78)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:72)(cid:87)(cid:86)(cid:3)
XIX—nachalo XX veka).
Includes bibliographical references and index.
(cid:32)(cid:42)(cid:25)(cid:37) 978-0-8032-3978-4 (cloth: alkaline paper) 1. Physical
anthropology—Russia—History—20th century. 2. Physical
anthropology—Soviet Union—History. I. Title.
(cid:30)(cid:37)50.45.(cid:41)8(cid:36)64 2013
599.90947—dc23 2013005803
Set in Iowan by Laura Wellington.
Contents
List of Illustrations vii
Acknowledgments ix
Series Editors’ Introduction xiii
Introduction: The Science of Imperial Modernity 1
(cid:39)(cid:24)(cid:41)(cid:43)(cid:3)(cid:11). Paradoxes of Institutionalization
1. Academic Genealogy and Social Contexts of
the “Atypical Science” 17
2. Anthropology as a “Regular Science”: Kafedra 34
3. Anthropology as a Network Science: Society 54
(cid:39)(cid:24)(cid:41)(cid:43)(cid:3)(cid:12). The Liberal Anthropology of Imperial
Diversity: Apolitical Politics
(cid:23)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:36)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:78)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:76)(cid:3)(cid:44)(cid:89)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:89)(cid:86)(cid:78)(cid:76)(cid:76)(cid:183)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:36)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:83)(cid:82)(cid:79)(cid:82)(cid:74)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:3)(cid:38)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:86)(cid:76)(cid:192)(cid:70)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:3)
of the Family of “Racial Relatives” 101
5. “Russians” in the Language of Liberal Anthropology 121
6. Dmitrii Anuchin’s Liberal Anthropology 133
(cid:39)(cid:24)(cid:41)(cid:43)(cid:3)(cid:13). Anthropology of Russian Imperial Nationalism
7. Ivan Sikorsky and His “Imperial Situation” 167
8. Academic Racism and “Russian National Science” 185
(cid:39)(cid:24)(cid:41)(cid:43)(cid:3)(cid:14). Anthropology of Russian Multinationalism
9. The Space between “Empire” and “Nation” 201
10. “Jewish Physiognomy,” the “Jewish Question,” and Russian
Race Science between Inclusion and Exclusion 217
11. A “Dysfunctional” Colonial Anthropology
of Imperial Brains 251
(cid:39)(cid:24)(cid:41)(cid:43)(cid:3)(cid:15). Russian Military Anthropology: From
Army-as-Empire to Army-as-Nation
12. Military Mobilization of Diversity Studies 269
13. The Imperial Army through National Lenses 279
14. Nation Instead of Empire 286
(cid:39)(cid:24)(cid:41)(cid:43)(cid:3)(cid:16). Race and Social Imagination
15. The Discovery of Population Politics and Sociobiological
Discourses in Russia 297
16. Meticization as Modernization, or the Sociobiological
Utopias of Ivan Ivanovich Pantiukhov 310
17. The Criminal Anthropology of Imperial Society 328
Conclusion: Did Russian Physical Anthropology
Become Soviet? 347
Notes 375
Index 473
Illustrations
1. Model of a mammoth from the Anthropological
Exhibition of 1879 29
2. Lapps exhibit in the Anthropological
Exhibition of 1879 30
3. Anthropologist taking measurements
in a lab, 1904 46
4. Eduard Yul’evich Petri 79
5. Dmitrii Andreevich Koropchevskii 89
6. Map of relative distribution of brunets and map of
head index, in Italy 103
7. Map of the distribution of height of male
population in France 104
8. Map of average height of military conscripts in
Russia’s provinces 105
9. A Kirgyz woman, 1903 109
10. A Kirgyz man, 1903 109
11. Title page of A. A. Ivanovskii’s published
dissertation, 1904 111
12. Viktor Vladimirovich Vorob’ev 123
13. Types of Great Russian peasants 1913 126–130
14. Dmitrii Nikolaevich Anuchin 134
15. A Pole from Podolia Province, 1901 207
16. A Young Polish Jew from Kholm 228
17. A Polish Jew from Kholm 228
18. A Russian Jew from Minsk 229
19. A Russian Jew from Samarkand 230
20. A Caucasian Jewish woman from Kuba,
of Baku Region 231
21. A Jewish woman from Southern Russia 232
22. A Jew from Rodos Island 233
23. A Jerusalem Jew 234
24. Anthropological examination of the skull 254
25. Police anthropometry, 1903 330
Acknowledgments
When someone works on a project as long as I have worked on my
study of Russian race science, the list of people and institutions
that deserve to be mentioned in the book inevitably exceeds all
possible dimensions. Indeed, I am indebted to dozens of my col-
leagues in Russia, Europe, and the United States for their inspir-
ing comments and provocative criticisms. I have already had the
opportunity to thank many of them in the earlier Russian edition
of this book (Moscow: New Literary Review, 2008). The pres-
ent English-language edition is not only my own translation of
the Russian original—it is actually a new book, containing much
new material and many new interpretations inspired by the com-
ments and friendly criticisms of my readers-colleagues. Therefore,
I want to express my deep gratitude to those who created an al-
most ideal intellectual situation for me, as an author who, after
having published a book on Russian physical anthropology, still
continues pursuing the problem of “race” in the Russian imperial
and early Soviet contexts. This situation of ongoing fruitful dis-
cussion stimulated me to reconsider some of my early approach-
es as well as to better substantiate some positions that remained
important to me. I should probably start with Sergei Kan, who
read my Russian book and insisted that the English version should
be published in the University of Nebraska Press anthropologi-
cal series. The challenge of writing not for “Russianists” and not
only for historians but for a wider professional audience required
me to unpack what I had deemed as “self-evident,” and while do-
ing this I actually faced new research questions and new oppor-
tunities for interpreting my material. In this regard, I also want
ix