Homicidal Ecologies: Illicit Economies and Complicit States in Latin America PDF
Preview Homicidal Ecologies: Illicit Economies and Complicit States in Latin America
HomicidalEcologies Why has violence spiked in Latin America’s contemporary democracies? What explains its temporal and spatial variation? Analyzing the region’s uneven homicide levels, this book maps out a theoretical agenda focusing on three intersecting factors: the changing geography of transnational illicit political economies, the varied capacity and complicity of state institutions tasked with providing law and order, and organizational competition to control illicit territorial enclaves. Thesethree factors inform the emergence of “homicidal ecologies” (subnational regions most susceptible to violence)inLatinAmerica.Afterfocusingonthecontemporarycauses of homicidal violence, the book analyzes the comparative historical originsofthestate’sweakandcomplicitpublicsecurityforcesandthe rare moments in which successful institutional reform takes place. The evaluation of regional trendsin Latin America is followed by the presentation of original case studies from Central America, which claimsamongthehighesthomicideratesintheworld. Deborah J. Yashar is Professor of Politics & International Affairs at Princeton University. She is lead editor of World Politics, co-chair of SSRC’s Anxieties of Democracy project, and a series editor for Cambridge Studies in Contentious Politics. She is the author of Demanding Democracy (1997) and Contesting Citizenship (2005), as well as co-editor of Parties, Movements, and Democracy in the Developing World with Nancy Bermeo (2016) and States in the Developing World with Miguel Centeno and Atul Kohli (2017), both withCambridgeUniversityPress.SheistherecipientofFulbright,USIP, andotherawards. CambridgeStudiesinComparativePolitics GeneralEditors KathleenThelen MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology ErikWibbels DukeUniversity AssociateEditors CatherineBoone LondonSchoolofEconomics ThadDunning UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley AnnaGrzymalaBusse StanfordUniversity TorbenIversen HarvardUniversity StathisKalyvas YaleUniversity MargaretLevi StanfordUniversity HelenMilner PrincetonUniversity FrancesRosenbluth YaleUniversity SusanStokes YaleUniversity TariqThachil VanderbiltUniversity SeriesFounder PeterLange DukeUniversity OtherBooksintheSeries ChristopherAdolph,Bankers,Bureaucrats,andCentralBankPolitics:TheMyth ofNeutrality MichaelAlbertus,AutocracyandRedistribution:ThePoliticsofLandReform Santiago Anria, When Movements Become Parties: The Bolivian MAS in ComparativePerspective Ben W. Ansell, From the Ballot to the Blackboard: The Redistributive Political EconomyofEducation Ben W. Ansell, David J. Samuels, Inequality and Democratization: An Elite CompetitionApproach AnaArjona,Rebolocracy Homicidal Ecologies Illicit Economies and Complicit States in Latin America DEBORAH J. YASHAR PrincetonUniversity UniversityPrintingHouse,Cambridgecb28bs,UnitedKingdom OneLibertyPlaza,20thFloor,NewYork,ny10006,USA 477WilliamstownRoad,PortMelbourne,vic3207,Australia 314 321,3rdFloor,Plot3,SplendorForum,JasolaDistrictCentre, NewDelhi 110025,India 79AnsonRoad,#06 04/06,Singapore079906 CambridgeUniversityPressispartoftheUniversityofCambridge. ItfurtherstheUniversity’smissionbydisseminatingknowledgeinthepursuitof education,learning,andresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence. www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:http://www.cambridge.org/9781107178472 doi:10.1017/9781316823705 ©DeborahJ.Yashar2018 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2018 PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabySheridanBooks,Inc. AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData names:Yashar,DeborahJ.,1963 author. title:Homicidalecologies:violenceafterwaranddictatorshipinLatinAmerica/ DeborahYashar,PrincetonUniversity. othertitles:ViolenceafterwaranddictatorshipinLatinAmerica description:Cambridge;NewYork,NY:CambridgeUniversityPress,[2018]|Series: Cambridgestudiesincomparativepolitics|Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. identifiers:lccn2018017040|isbn9781107178472(alk.paper) subjects:lcsh:Violence CentralAmerica.|Violence Politicalaspects Central America.|Civilwar Socialaspects CentralAmerica.|Crime Economicaspects CentralAmerica.|CentralAmerica Socialconditions.|Democratization Latin America.|Democracy LatinAmerica. classification:lcchn125.2.v5y372018|ddc303.6098 dc23 LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2018017040 isbn9781107178472Hardback isbn9781316629659Paperback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracyof URLsforexternalorthirdpartyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhispublication anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain, accurateorappropriate. ForSarahandRebecca Contents ListofFiguresandTables pagex Acknowledgments xiii part i introduction 1 1 ViolenceinThirdWaveDemocracies 3 Violence:EmpiricalTrends 5 ResearchDesign 15 TheArgumentandBookOutline 18 Appendix:HomicideRatesintheAmericas,1995–2014 22 2 EngagingtheTheoreticalDebateandAlternative Arguments 24 PoliticalTransitions:CivilWarsandDemocratization 25 SociologicalArguments 36 EconomicIncentivesandViolence 44 HistoricalInstitutionalLegaciesofStateFormation 55 Conclusion 59 Appendix:HomicideRatesandGiniCoefficients inLatinAmerica 61 part ii the argument about homicidal ecologies 63 3 IllicitEconomiesandTerritorialEnclaves:TheTransnational ContextandDomesticFootprint 65 ForefrontingandConceptualizingtheIllicit 66 LatinAmerica’sIllicitEconomiesandOrganizations:Drugs, OrganizedCrime,andGangs 72 Conclusion 98 vii viii Contents 4 StateCapacityandOrganizationalCompetition:Strategic CalculationsaboutTerritoryandViolence 100 StatesandStateCapacity:ShapingCalculationsaboutIllicit Geographies 101 OrganizationalTerritorialCompetition:The Micro-MechanismsofViolence 119 Conclusion 131 Appendix:AlternativeStateCapacityDataforRule ofLawandCorruption 133 part iii divergent trajectories: three post-civil war cases 145 5 HighViolenceinPost-CivilWarGuatemala 149 ViolencePatterns 152 StateCapacity:WeakLawandOrder 155 IllicitActors,PoliticalEconomies,andOrganizational TerritorialCompetition 176 Conclusion 199 Appendix:NewspaperViolenceDatabase:Guatemalan Patterns 201 6 HighViolenceinPost-CivilWarElSalvador 208 StateCapacity:WeakLawandOrder 212 IllicitActors,OrganizationalTerritorialCompetition,and Violence 235 Conclusion 273 Appendix:NewspaperViolenceDatabase: SalvadoranPatterns 275 7 CircumscribingViolenceinPost-CivilWarNicaragua 279 ForgingaMoreCapaciousSetofLaw-and-Order Institutions 282 ViolenceandtheIllicitinNicaragua 312 Coda 334 Appendix:HomicideRatesbyNicaraguan Department 338 Contents ix part iv looking backward and forward 339 8 ConcludingwithStates 341 RevisitingStatesandViolence 343 TerritoriesBigandSmall:PolicingNationalBoundaries andSubnationalEnclaves 357 PolicyImplicationsandFutureResearch 362 Conclusion 368 Bibliography 371 Index 399
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