Homeland Security : An Introduction to Principles and Practice, Second Edition

627 Pages·2013·14.141 MB·English

by  Nemeth, Charles P

Homeland Security N
e
m
Homeland security is a massive enterprise that gets larger by the moment. What was once largely
a TSA/aviation concern has evolved into a multidimensional operation covering a broad array of e
t
disciplines. These include critical infrastructure protection, border security, transportation security, h
intelligence and counterterrorism, emergency management, immigration and naturalization, and
public health. H
Homeland Security: An Introduction to Principles and Practice, Second Edition provides o
students and practitioners alike with the latest developments on the makeup, organization, and
strategic mission of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). This new edition is fully
m
updated with new laws, regulations, and strategies that reflect changes and developments over the
last several years. The book offers unique insights into the various roles of multi-jurisdictional
agencies and stakeholders at all levels of government—including law enforcement, the military, e
the intelligence community, emergency managers, and the private sector.
l
Homeland
Coverage includes:
a
• The history of security threats in the American experience, the events leading
up to 9/11, and the formation and evolution of DHS n
• The legal basis and foundation for DHS
Security
d
• The nature of risk and threats
• Training exercises for homeland security professionals

• How states and localities can work compatibly with federal policy makers S
• The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)
e
• The agencies and entities entrusted with intelligence generation, operations, and analysis
An Introduction to Principles and Practice
c
• Issues surrounding border security, immigration, and U.S. citizenship
• Homeland security regulation, practices, and policy in air, rail, freight, maritime, u Second edition
and port transportation modalities
r
• The interplay between public health and homeland security
Charles P. Nemeth
i
Each chapter contains extensive pedagogy, including learning objectives, informative sidebars, t
chapter summaries, end-of-chapter questions, web links, and references to aid in comprehension
y
and retention. Homeland Security: An Introduction to Principles and Practice, Second Edition
is the only book to provide an objective, balanced perspective on each of the core components
that comprise DHS’s mission and the priorities and challenges that federal and state government
agencies continue to face. e S
d e
i c
t o
K14806 i
6000 Broken Sound Parkway, NW o n
Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487 ISBN: 978-1-4665-1090-6 n d
711 Third Avenue 90000
New York, NY 10017
an informa business
2 Park Square, Milton Park
www.taylorandfrancisgroup.com Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN, UK
9 781466 510906
w w w. c r c p r e s s . c o m

HOMELAND
SECURITY
An Introduction to Principles and Practice
Second Edition

HOMELAND
SECURITY
An Introduction to Principles and Practice
Second Edition
Charles P. Nemeth, JD, PhD, LLM
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2013 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
No claim to original U.S. Government works
Version Date: 20130201
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4665-1091-3 (eBook - PDF)
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been
made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the valid-
ity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright
holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this
form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may
rectify in any future reprint.
Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or uti-
lized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopy-
ing, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the
publishers.
For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http://
www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923,
978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For
organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged.
Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for
identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
http://www.taylorandfrancis.com
and the CRC Press Web site at
http://www.crcpress.com
To Lt. Stephen Charles Nemeth, a marine and a gentleman—
the type of man who protects the nation and its homeland and
the type of son and man that impresses each and every day.
To St. Thomas Aquinas who remarked:
Nothing hinders one act from having two effects, only one of which is
intended, while the other is beside the intention. Now moral acts take
their species according to what is intended, and not according to what
is beside the intention, since this is accidental as explained above.
Accordingly the act of self-defense may have two effects, one is the saving
of one’s life, the other is the slaying of the aggressor. Therefore this act,
since one’s intention is to save one’s own life, is not unlawful, seeing that
it is natural to everything to keep itself in “being,” as far as possible.
Summa Theologica II-II, Question 64, Article 7

Contents
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xxi
Author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiii
Chapter 1 — the Idea and Origin of homeland Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1 .1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1 .2 Threats to the Homeland: Twentieth-Century Military Movements . . . 2
1 .3 Threats to the Homeland: The Cold War Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1 .4 Th reats to the Homeland: Revolution, Riot, and Rightful Demonstration . . 15
1 .4 .1 Domestic Terrorism: Pre-9/11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17
1 .4 .2 International Terrorism: Pre-9/11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
1 .5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Keywords . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Discussion Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27
Practical Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27
Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
vii
viii Contents
Chapter 2 — terror, threat, and Disaster post-9/11: a New paradigm of
homeland Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2 .1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2 .2 The Genesis of DHS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2 .3 DHS: 2001–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2 .3 .1 Evolution and Change in DHS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2 .4 Reorganization and Evolution of DHS: 2003–2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2 .4 .1 The Office of the Secretary of DHS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
2 .4 .2 DHS Directorates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
2 .4 .2 .1 D irectorate for National Protection and Programs . . . . . 49
2 .4 .2 .2 D irectorate for Science and Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2 .4 .2 .3 D irectorate for Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
2 .4 .3 DHS Offices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
2 .4 .4 Agencies Swept into DHS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
2 .4 .4 .1 U .S . Coast Guard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
2 .4 .4 .2 U .S . Secret Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
2 .4 .4 .3 F ederal Protective Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
2 .4 .4 .4 F ederal Law Enforcement Training Center . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
2 .4 .5 Advisory Panels and Committees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
2 .5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Keywords . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Discussion Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69
Practical Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Chapter 3 — homeland Security Law, regulations, and Budgeting . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
3 .1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
3 .2 Homeland Security Law, Regulations, and Executive Orders . . . . . . . . . . . 74
3 .2 .1 Executive Order 13228: The Origin of DHS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
3 .2 .2 Executive Order 12231: Protection of Infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
3 .2 .3 Executive Order 13493 of January 22, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
3 .2 .4 Executive Order 13567 of March 7, 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
3 .2 .5 Homeland Security Act of 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
3 .2 .5 .1 The Homeland Security Act and Posse Comitatus . . . . . . 82
3 .2 .6 USA Patriot Act . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
3 .2 .7 Specialized Laws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
3 .2 .7 .1 The REAL ID Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
3 .2 .7 .2 Office of US-VISIT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
3 .2 .7 .3 Chemical Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
3 .2 .7 .4 Invention and Technology: The SAFETY Act . . . . . . . . . . 91