Holography and Coherent Optics PDF
Preview Holography and Coherent Optics
Holography and Coherent Optics Holography and Coherent Optics L.M.Soroko Joint Institute for Nuclear Research Dubna, USSR Translated from Russian by Albin Tybulewicz Editor, Soviet Journal of Quantum Electronics With a Foreword by George W. Stroke Translation Editor State University of New York at Stony Brook PLENUM. PRESS· NEW YORK AND LONDON Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Soroko, Lev Markovich. Holography and coherent optics. Translation of Osnovy golograiJi i kogerentnoloptiki. Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Holography. 2. Infonnation theory in optics. 3. Coherence (Optics) I. Title. QC449.S6713 535'.4 784479 ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-3422-4 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-3420-0 DOT: 10.1007/978-1-4684-3420-0 The original Russian text, published by Nauka Press in Moscow in 1971, has been corrected by the author for the present edition. This translation is published under an agreement with the Copyright Agency of the USSR (V AAP). OCHOBbI fOJIOfPAIDHH H KOfEPEHTHOH OnTHKH JI.M.COPORO OSNOVY GOLOGRAFII I KOGERENTNOI OPTIKl L. M. Soroko © 1980 Plenum Press, New York Softcover reprint of the hardcover I st edition 1980 A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 227 West 17th Street, New York, N.Y. 10011 All righ ts reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any fonn or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfllming, recording, or otherwise, without written pennission from the Publisher Foreword Now that holography has matured (wIth Dennis Gabor having received the Nobel Prize In 1971) and that coherent optics has proved to be even more powerful than originally imagined, in open ing the new field of "optical computing," it is particularlyappropri ate to make available to English-speaking readers the translation of a uniquely outstanding text which presents the general and per manent foundations of the field. L. M. Soroko's book has proved its usefulness, since It ap peared in Russian In 1971, following the basic pattern set in the world's first monograph In the field, "An Introduction to Coherent w. Optics and Holography," written by G. Stroke in 1966, and since also available in Its second US edition (1969) from Academic Press, following the publication of its Russian edition by Mlr In 1967. To further enhance the usefulness of L. M. Soroko's book, and to assure that Its fundamental nature be completely updated, the Translation Editor, In agreement with the author, felt that this could best be assured by including an "updating appendix" In the form of three recent papers In the general field of "opto-dlgltal holographic Image processing and 3-D reconstructions," especially -also since their bibliographies Include numerous further refer ences to a great many authors and workers throughout the world. In addition, the reader's attention Is drawn to two books, also re cently pubUshed by Plenum Press, under ihe title "Optical Infor mation Processing," the first In 1976 (edited by Yu. E. Nesterikhln, w. w. G. Stroke, and E. Kock), and the second In 1977 (edited by w. E. S. Barrekette, G. Stroke, Yu. E. Nesterlkhln, and W. E. Kock). v vi FOREWORD These books present the complete set of papers from two US-USSR science cooperation seminars. organized and co-chaired by Aca w. demician Yu. E. Nesterikhin. for the USSR. and Prof. G. Stroke. for the USA. and held respectively in June 1975 at the National Academy of Sciences in Washington. D. C. under sponsorship from the National Science Foundation. and in July 1976 in the Soviet science city of Akademgorodok (Novosibirsk). under sponsorship of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Among the US participants in these seminars. there were W. E. Kook. David Casasent. J. W. Goodman. A. Korpel. Rolf Landauer. Brian J. Thompson. A. Vander Lugt. E. S. Barrekette. W. K. Pratt. M. P. Zampino. H. Kogelnik. S. H. Lee. A. Kozma. and J. C. Urbach. in addition to G. W. Stroke. Papers from all these participants. and a counterpart series of papers from the USSR participants. are included in the two "Optical Information Processing· volumes. In addition. seminar reports have also appeared in Applied Optics. which. in the recent years. together with the IEEE Proceedings. have been perhaps most rep resentative of the progress and ramifications of the work in th~ field. George W. Stroke Translation Editor Stony Brook. N. Y .• 18 January 1978 Preface This monograph on the fundamentals of holography and co herent optics is a considerably revised and expanded version of a course of lectures first presented by the author to senior under graduates at the Moscow Physicotechnical Institute and to par ticipants of a continuous seminar on holography in 1966-67. The science of holography was founded about 30 years ago but it has grown only since the appearance of lasers in pliysicallab oratories. It is now rapidly and widely applied in seemingly most unlikely branches of science and technology. This process is ac companied by the continuous growth of the number of specialists who are developing optical systems suitable for their applications. These systems are based on the modern coherent optics and holog raphy. This wide range of specialists needs a modern and com prehensive treatment of the theory and physical principles under lying holography. 'The present book is intended to fill this need, and the first step in this direction is a discussion of the theory of holography. Many of the subjects discussed in the present mono graph represent the essence or development of numerous discus sions in which the author has participated. During the writing of this book the first and only monograph on holography in the world literature was G. W. Stroke'S "An In troduction to Coherent Optics and Holography," published by Aca demic Press in 1966. The Russian translation of this book was published by Mir in 1967. Stroke's book is used widely throughout the world and a greatly enlarged second edition has been published in 1969. vii vUi PREFACE The reviews on holography published in various journals have also been necessarily brief. Therefore, even if they were collected together, they would not provide a systematic treatment of the sub ject which is needed during a period of rapid spread of holography to various branches of science and technology. The intention of the present author has been to present the fundamentals of holography in a sufficiently comprehensive form and from the same point of view. The present monograph is effec tively an attempt to provide such a systematic treatment on the basis of physical optics, statistical radiophysics, and information theory, which are leading branches of modern science. Holography is a relatively new subject and, therefore, the monograph begins with an introductory and descriptive chapter in which the physical basis of holography is presented in a clear but somewhat simplified manner. In spite of that, all the aspects of holography are introduced rigorously and this applies also to the concept of coherence of light which is of basic importance in holog raphy. The second chapter introduces the concept of an optical signal and deals in detail with the properties of integral linear transforma tions which can be applied to an optical signal. These transforma tions are of direct relevance to holography, Fourier spectroscopy, synthesis (computer generation) of holograms, and preparation of two-dimensional translators and filters for coherent optical systems. The discussion is illustrated by several systems in which in coherent illumination is used. A detailed discussion of correla tors and complex two-dimensional filters is deferred to the seventh chapter. The general properties of integral transformations with Fou rier-type kernels are formulated at the end of the second chapter. These transformations have the property of invertlbility and they can be used to build multistage optical information processing sys tems in which there are hardly any losses of any aspects of in formation. The third chapter deals with the main properties of a random optical signal. 'The material in this chapter is used later in deal ing with the coherence of light (in the fourth chapter), the funda mentals of holography (in the sixth chapter), and the optical in- PREFACE formation processing method and filtering of optical signals (in the seventh chapter). The fourth chapter is devoted to the classical (nonquantum) theory of coherence. '!be latest experiments on the coherence of light are described and methods for measuring coherence are dis cussed. The theory of coherence of light is basic to holography. The fifth chapter is devoted to the information structure of an optical signal, particularly those information invariants which determine the resolution in optics and holography, the informa tion capacity of the message being transmitted, and the influence of the degree of coherence of Ught on the amount of information which can be transmitted without distortion by a partially coherent light beam. The sixth chapter deals with the following top ics: the prin ciple of holography as a method for complete recording of light waves; the relationship between an object and the optical signal recorded in a hologram of this object; the classification of holo grams and the resolution requirements which must be satisfied by recording materials; the various holographic systems, including those employing coherent illumination and spatially coherent il lumination, ,achromatic systems. volume and stroboscopic holo grams, and synthesized (computer-generated) holograms. Gen eralized holography is discussed at the end of the chapter and possi ble ways of bulld ing a holographic x-ray microscope are discussed. The seventh chapter· deals with optical information processing methods, primarily those based on the holographic principle. Co herent methods for image (pattern) recognition, spatial differen tiation of optical signals, and methods for preparing two-dimen sional translators are discussed. The monograph deliberately restricts itself to the fundamental theory of holography, and therefore does not deal with recording materials or with the theory of aberrations in holography (in par ticular. the aberration theory of the holographic microscope). Applications of holography in various branches of science and technology are also not considered, in order to maintain the size of the volume within customary limits. In the writing of the present monograph it has been necessary to partly rephrase some of the nomenclature used in those disci- x PREFACE plines which make essential contributions to holography. This rephrasing and the very compact notation used in the basic rela tionships simplify the amalgamation of these disciplines and make it possible to develop a new language suitable for the description of the fundamental prinCiples of holography and radio-frequency optics which are essentially interdisciplinary subjects and are among the youngest branches of modern science. The monograph is written for a wide range of researchers, including physiCiSts, radiophysicists, biophysicists, engineers, and mathematicians working in image recognition and other branches of cybernetics. The monograph can also be used as a textbook for undergraduate and graduate students. Naturally, it has been difficult to avoid shortcomings in writ ing the first monograph on a young branch of applied physics such as holography. The author will be very grateful to the readers who will respond to his request for critical comments and suggestions. The author is deeply grateful to Professor Ya. A. Smorodin skii,who has stimulated the author's interest in holography, and to the Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences V. P. Dzelepov for his constant encouragement of the author's research in holography. The author is also grateful to Academician B. M. Pontekorvo (pontecorvo), Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences I. I. Gurevich, Doctor of Physicomathe- matic al Sciences G. I. Kopylov, Candidate of Physicomathematical Sciences A. F. Pisarev, and Engineer I. P. Nalimov for interesting discussions of holography, and to Professors S. L. Mandel'shtam and G. V. Skrotskii, who have responded in a lively manner to the progress in optics and quantum electronics, have introduced im portant modifications into senior undergraduate course~, and have greatly encouraged the author. The author is particularly grateful to V. M. Soroko without whose help in many matters this book would not have been written. Thanks are also due to Professor G. W. Stroke of the State UniverSity of New York at Stony Brook for scientific contacts which have helped the author to gain a fuller understanding of the latest achievements in holography. L. Soroko .Dubna, 1969 Contents Chapter 1 Introduction 1 § 1.1 Principle of Holography. Interference of Light ..............••.........• 3 §1.2 Three-Dimensional Nature of an Image. Parallax ......•................•. 11 §1.3 Plane Hologram ..••............•...•. 13 §1.4 Diffraction of Light in a Plane Hologram . . . . • . 16 § 1.5 Coherence of Light • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . 20 §1.6 Light Sources for Holography ..•••.. . . . . • . 26 §1.7 History of Holography . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Chapter 2 Optical Signal and Its Transformations. ••• 43 §2.1 Complex Signal in Optics .••••....••••... 43 §2.2 Fourier Transformation • • . . . • . . . • • • • • • . . 48 §2.3 Properties of Fourier Transformation ••..... 49 §2.4 Typical Fourier Transformations and Standard Notation for Commonly Occurring Functions. • • • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . 57 § 2.5 Optical Systems Performing Fourier Transformation. . . • • . . . . . . • . . . . . . . • . 65 § 2.6 Convolution and Its Properties .........•.•. 68 §2.7 Correlation and Its Properties. • • • . • . . ..... 72 §2.8 Convolution and Correlation in a Plane ...•... 73 § 2.9 Optical System for Convolution and Cross- Correlation Operations .•..•.•..••...•• 74 §2.10 Scalar Products of Functions. • . • . • • . . . . . . • 78 xl
The list of books you might like
