Hmh Physics: Student Edition 2017 PDF
Preview Hmh Physics: Student Edition 2017
DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through “File info” CorrectionKey=NL-A DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through "File info" CorrectionKey=NL-A AUTHORS Raymond A. Serway, Ph.D. Jerry S. Faughn, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus Professor Emeritus James Madison University Eastern Kentucky University On the cover: A soap bubble sprays droplets as it bursts. Cover Photo Credits: Bubble ©Don Farrall/Photodisc/Getty Images; luger ©Rolf Kosecki/Corbis Copyright © 2017 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Copyright © 2017 by Raymond A. Serway All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying or recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner unless such copying is expressly permitted by federal copyright law. Requests for permission to make copies of any part of the work should be addressed to Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company, Attn: Contracts, Copyrights, and Licensing, 9400 Southpark Center Loop, Orlando, Florida 32819-8647. Printed in the U.S.A. ISBN 978-0-544-81773-9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0868 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 4500000000 A B C D E F G If you have received these materials as examination copies free of charge, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company retains title to the materials and they may not be resold. Resale of examination copies is strictly prohibited. Possession of this publication in print format does not entitle users to convert this publication, or any portion of it, into electronic format. DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through "File info" CorrectionKey=NL-A ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Lab Reviewers Bill Deutschmann, Ph.D. Joseph A. McClure, Ph.D. President Associate Professor Emeritus Christopher Barnett Oregon Laser Consultants Department of Physics Richard DeCoster Klamath Falls, Oregon Georgetown University Elizabeth Ramsayer Washington, D.C. Joseph Serpico Brad de Young Niles West High School Professor Ralph McGrew Niles, Illinois Department of Physics and Physical Associate Professor Oceanography Engineering Science Department Mary L. Brake, Ph.D. Memorial University Broome Community College Physics Teacher St. John’s, Newfoundland, Canada Binghamton, New York Mercy High School Arthur A. Few Clement J. Moses, Ph.D. Farmington Hills, Michigan Professor of Space Physics and Associate Professor of Physics Gregory Puskar Environmental Science Utica College Laboratory Manager Rice University Utica, New York Physics Department Houston, Texas Alvin M. Saperstein, Ph.D. West Virginia University Morgantown, West Virginia Scott Fricke, Ph.D. Professor of Physics; Fellow of Center for Schlumberger Oilfield Services Peace and Conflict Studies Richard Sorensen Sugarland, Texas Department of Physics and Astronomy Vernier Software & Technology Wayne State University Simonetta Fritelli Beaverton, Oregon Detroit, Michigan Associate Professor of Physics Martin Taylor Duquesne University Donald E. Simanek, Ph.D. Sargent-Welch/VWR Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Emeritus Professor of Physics Buffalo Grove, Illinois Lock Haven University David S. Hall, Ph.D. Lock Haven, Pennsylvania Academic Reviewers Assistant Professor of Physics Amherst College H. Michael Sommermann, Ph.D. Mary L. Brake, Ph.D. Amherst, Massachusetts Professor of Physics Physics Teacher Westmont College Mercy High School Roy W. Hann, Jr., Ph.D. Santa Barbara, California Farmington Hills, Michigan Professor of Civil Engineering Texas A&M University Jack B. Swift, Ph.D. James C. Brown, Jr., Ph.D. College Station, Texas Professor Adjunct Assistant Professor of Physics Department of Physics Austin Community College Sally Hicks, Ph.D. The University of Texas at Austin Austin, Texas Professor Austin, Texas Department of Physics Anil R Chourasia, Ph.D. University of Dallas Thomas H. Troland, Ph.D. Associate Professor Irving, Texas Physics Department Department of Physics University of Kentucky Texas A&M University–Commerce William Ingham, Ph.D. Lexington, Kentucky Commerce, Texas Professor of Physics James Madison University Mary L. White David S. Coco, Ph.D. Harrisonburg, Virginia Coastal Ecology Institute Senior Research Physicist Louisiana State University Applied Research Laboratories Karen B. Kwitter, Ph.D. Baton Rouge, Louisiana The University of Texas at Austin Professor of Astronomy Jerome Williams, M.S. Austin, Texas Williams College Williamstown, Massachusetts Professor Emeritus Thomas Joseph Connolly, Ph.D. Oceanography Department Assistant Professor Phillip LaRoe U.S. Naval Academy Department of Mechanical Engineering Professor of Physics Annapolis, Maryland and Biomechanics Helena College of Technology Carol J. Zimmerman, Ph.D. The University of Texas at San Antonio Helena, Montana San Antonio, Texas Exxon Exploration Company Houston, Texas Acknowledgments iii DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through "File info" CorrectionKey=NL-A ACKNOWLEDGMENTS, continued Teacher Reviewers J. Philip Holden, Ph.D. Joseph A. Taylor Physics Education Consultant John Adamowski Middletown Area High School Michigan Dept. of Education Chairperson of Science Department Middletown, Pennsylvania Lansing, Michigan Fenton High School Leonard L. Thompson Bensenville, Illinois Joseph Hutchinson North Allegheny Senior High School Wichita High School East John Ahlquist, M.S. Wexford, Pennsylvania Wichita, Kansas Anoka High School Keith C. Tipton Anoka, Minnesota Douglas C. Jenkins Lubbock, Texas Chairman, Science Department Maurice Belanger Warren Central High School John T. Vieira Science Department Head Nashua High School Bowling Green, Kentucky Science Department Head Nashua, New Hampshire David S. Jones B.M.C. Durfee High School Fall River, Massachusetts Miami Sunset Senior High School Larry G. Brown Miami, Florida Andrew D. Werner, M.Ed. Morgan Park Academy Chicago, Illinois Roger Kassebaum Socorro Independent School District El Paso, Texas Millard North High School William K. Conway, Ph.D. Omaha, Nebraska David White, M.ChE. Lake Forest High School Lake Forest, Illinois Mervin W. Koehlinger, M.S. Pearland High School Pearland, Texas Concordia Lutheran High School Jack Cooper Fort Wayne, Indiana Virginia Wood Ennis High School Ennis, Texas Phillip LaRoe Richmond High School Richmond, Michigan Central Community College William D. Ellis Grand Island, Nebraska Tim Wright Chairman of Science Department Stevens Point Area Senior High Butler Senior High School William Lash School, Butler, Pennsylvania Westwood High School Stevens Point, Wisconsin Round Rock, Texas Diego Enciso Mary R. Yeomans Troy, Michigan Norman A. Mankins Hopewell Valley Central High School Science Curriculum Specialist Ron Esman Pennington, New Jersey Canton City Schools Plano Senior High School Canton, Ohio G. Patrick Zober Plano, Texas Science Curriculum Coordinator Renee Martinez, M.S. C&I Bruce Esser Yough Senior High School Tegeler Career Center Marian High School Herminie, Pennsylvania Pasadena, Texas Omaha, Nebraska Patricia J. Zober John McGehee Curtis Goehring Ringgold High School Palos Verdes Peninsula High School Palm Springs High School Monongahela, Pennsylvania Rolling Hills Estates, California Palm Springs, California Debra Schell Lyle Goines Austintown Fitch High School West Brook High School Austintown, Ohio Beaumont, Texas Edward Schweber Herbert H. Gottlieb Solomon Schechter Day School Science Education Department West Orange, New Jersey City College of New York New York City, New York Larry Stookey, P.E. Science Antigo High School David J. Hamilton, Ed.D. Antigo, Wisconsin Benjamin Franklin High School Portland, Oregon iv Acknowledgments DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through "File info" CorrectionKey=NL-A SSSSSS CCCCCC YYYYYYSSSSSS IIIIII HHHHHH PPPPPP HMH NEW Yes, it’s educational. No, it’s not boring. EXCLUSIVE! Webcomic xxkkccdd..ccoomm author Randall MMuunnrrooee’’ss ddiiaaggrraammss eexxppllaaiinn ccoommpplleexx aapppplliiccaattiioonnss ooff bbiioollooggyy uussiinngg oonnllyy 11000000 ssiimmppllee wwoorrddss aanndd aa ddoossee ooff hhuummoorr.. DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through “File info” DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through “File info” CorrectionKey=NL-A CorrectionKey=NL-A SECTION 2 Energy Objectives Identify several forms of energy. Calculate kinetic energy for an Key Terms object. kinetic energy work–kinetic energy theorem potential energy Apply the work–kinetic energy gravitational potential energy elastic potential energy spring constant theorem to solve problems. Kinetic Energy Dpoistteinntgiuali sehn beergtwy.een kinetic and Kshinoewtsic a e cnaerrtg oyf ims eansse rmgy m aossvoincgia ttoe dth wei rthig hant oonb jae fcrti cinti omnoletisosn a.i Fr itgruarcek 2 .1 Classify different types of under the action of a constant net force, F, acting to the right. Because the potential energy. force is constant, we know from Newton’s second law that the cart moves Casaslcoucliaattee dth we iptho taenn toibalj eecnte’sr gy wear diatihtse tasa fncroconem sot afa n∆n tix na, ictthciaeell ewvreoalrotkico idntoy, nav.ei Wt boy ha iF lfe idn tuahrle ivn feogl ortchceiit siy sd vaifsp .p pIlfla itcehedem, cteahnrett c iisas rdti sapclcaecl-ed position. Wnet = F∆x = ma∆x When you studied one-dimensional motion, you learned that the follow- ing relationship holds when an object undergoes constant acceleration: v f2 = v i2 + 2a∆x a∆x = _ v f2 2– v i2 Student Edition Interactive Online Edition New FSubsotitutincg thius resuslt int oW tonheet =eq muna (t_ i vo f2 n 2– W v i2 n e)t = ma∆x gives Explore the world around The new Interactive Online Edition EngineerinWgnet = _12 mv f2 – _ 21 mv i2 you with pages of colorful provides 24/7 point-of-use access koobbinjjeeecctttic ’ts h emanto eitsri oganyss othceia eAtende rwgyidt ho ft haend ed kpTriahnreeet itqciucle ase, nnistei ogtrygiv y_ 12e_ onumf bvay2n rh tohabcesj eeacx setpp wreeicstsishai olm n naa hssmhs oemw ie nan n podhln ys tpsphiecees nd: ke vixyn,t ew pthiaoceg enen. teruregayt.e Tdh aes a photos, helpful illustrations, to all program resources. In addition FIGURE 2.1 concentrate on STEM amhneadltp ea yrcioatiulvs .is tTuiehcsci seu besiodno gink e pivshe bryyusdiiclats y,t o ttaoeltx eatr bcnooaotmikvp,e lt eehtxeep OelaBnnolaiontieko vnEeds riatsniioodnn e ionxfpc yleuordiu-ers wfaWocorcocrekerl ekderoq abnutieayo ln osa ntt i hmaCeneo osonb bijstejsetc cdatt(Es’is nsb pmtySl akaaFncs ocesomr ctnciiemsgentleat .isnTl ti hetises n—neceear,ni nTdeg i,cn ahtnnrodod lMougcayet,h y) ou to ©Richard Megna/Fundamental Photographs, New York with content chunked into ences through a wealth of multimedia 160 Chapter 5the 21st-century careers that Main Ideas, relevant and moti- activities, including animations, virtual use those skills. PH_CNLESE817739_C05S2.indd 160 02/02/16 12:11 PM vating features, and in-depth labs, and exciting review games. skills support. ONLINE Physics v HMHScience.com DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through "File info" CorrectionKey=NL-A IIIIII nnnnnntttttt eeeeee rrrrrraaaaaa cccccc tttttt iiiiii vvvvvveeeeee OOOOOO nnnnnn llllll iiiiii nnnnnn eeeeee EEEEEE dddddd iiiiii tttttt iiiiii oooooo nnnnnn NEW GO ONLINE Physics HMHScience.com Take virtual-reality field trips into the unknown with Bring physics concepts Google Expeditions! and principles to life with animations and simulations. GO ONLINE Interactive Demo k HMHScience.com erstoc utt See problem-solving Sh es/ techniques in action, g a m and get extra practice. ess I n usi B ey k n o M © GO ONLINE WebLinks HMHScience.com Extend and enrich each chapter’s content with hand-selected resource links. GO ONLINE HMHScience.com Get hints and personalized feedback as the Solution Tutor walks you through key problems step by step. vi DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through "File info" CorrectionKey=NL-A LLLLLL aaaaaa bbbbbb ssssss OOOOOO nnnnnn llllll iiiiii nnnnnn eeeeee HMHScience.com Standard Labs STEM Labs Focus on experimental skills and Explore the engineering design the application of chapter concepts process through hands-on inquiry through the use of scientific projects. methods. Probeware Labs QuickLabs Integrate data-collection technology Encounter key concepts in your into your labs. classroom with QuickLabs. They’re right in your book! Forensics Labs Investigate practical applications Open Inquiry Labs of science, such as crime-scene Drive the lab activity—you make analysis. decisions about what to research and how to do it. Virtual Labs Conduct meaningful experiments Core Skill Labs with tools, instruments, and Practice hands-on skills and techniques that take you beyond techniques. your classroom. VIRTUAL Lab vii DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through "File info" CorrectionKey=NL-A CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 THE SCIENCE OF PHYSICS 2 1 What Is Physics? 4 2 Measurements in Experiments 10 3 The Language of Physics 23 WWhhyy IItt MMaatttteerrss STEM The Mars Climate Orbiter Mission 13 Think Science STEM 28 SSTTAANNDDAARRDDSS--BBAASSEEDD AASSSSEESSSSMMEENNTT 35 CHAPTER LABS The Circumference-Diameter Ratio of a ONLINE Circle HHMMHHSScciieennccee..ccoomm Metric Prefixes Go online for the full Physics and Measurement complement of labs. Graph Matching CHAPTER 2 MOTION IN ONE DIMENSION 36 1 Displacement and Velocity 38 2 Acceleration 46 os ot 3 Falling Objects 58 Ph my a WTWTaahhkkyyee IIIItttt MMFFuuaarrtttttthheeeerrssrr SAknyg uDliavri nKgin ematics 6624 agery/Al m PPhhyyssiiccss oonn tthhee EEddggee Special Relativity and Time Dilation 68 d I CCaarreeeerrss iinn PPhhyyssiiccss Science Writer 70 g Worl n Think Science Developing Theories 71 ardi H SSTTAANNDDAARRDDSS--BBAASSEEDD AASSSSEESSSSMMEENNTT 79 bert o R TThhiinngg EExxppllaaiinneerr Lifting Room 79A © CHAPTEORN LLAINBSE MAcocteiolenration HHMMHHSScciieennccee..ccoomm olibrary; (cl) ot Free-Fall Acceleration Go online for the full Ph Free-Fall complement of labs. gery/ a m k I oc St CHAPTER 3 TWO-DIMENSIONAL MOTION ex d n AND VECTORS 80 en/I etz M 1 Introduction to Vectors 82 dell n 2 Vector Operations 86 ©We 3 Projectile Motion 95 bl) 4 Relative Motion 102 nc.; ( ers, I PPhhyyssiiccss oonn tthhee EEddggee Special Relativity and Velocities 106 arch e CCaarreeeerrss iinn PPhhyyssiiccss Kinesiologist 108 es R Think Science Characterizing Theories 109 oto h P a/ SSTTAANNDDAARRDDSS--BBAASSEEDD AASSSSEESSSSMMEENNTT 117 ail Ps e CHAPTEORN LLAINBSE VVeelcotcoirt yT roefa as uPrreo jHeucntitle HHMMHHSScciieennccee..ccoomm ©Philipp Projectile Motion Go online for the full (tl) complement of labs. viii HMH Physics DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through "File info" CorrectionKey=NL-A CHAPTER 4 FORCES AND THE LAWS OF MOTION 118 1 Changes in Motion 120 2 Newton’s First Law 125 3 Newton’s Second and Third Laws 130 4 Everyday Forces 135 Why It Matters Astronaut Workouts 128 Why It Matters STEM Driving and Friction 142 Think Science Examining Evidence 144 Timeline Physics and Its World: 1540–1690 152 STANDARDS-BASED ASSESSMENT 151 Thing Explainer Tall Roads 151A CHAPTER LABS Discovering Newton’s Laws HHMMHHSScciieennccee..ccoomm ONLINE Force and Acceleration Static and Kinetic Friction Go online for the full complement of labs. Air Resistance CHAPTER 5 WORK AND ENERGY 154 1 Work 156 2 Energy 160 3 Conservation of Energy 169 4 Power 175 Why It Matters The Energy in Food 164 Physics on the Edge The Equivalence of Mass and Energy 178 Careers in Physics Roller-Coaster Designer 180 Think Science Drawing Inferences 181 STANDARDS-BASED ASSESSMENT 189 CHAPTER LABS Exploring Work and Energy arcourt ONLINE Conservation of Mechanical Energy HHMMHHSScciieennccee..ccoomm n H Loss of Mechanical Energy Go online for the full Miffli Power Programming complement of labs. n o ht g u o H © CHAPTER 6 MOMENTUM AND COLLISIONS 190 ges; (cr) 1 Momentum and Impulse 192 a m etty I 2 Conservation of Momentum 199 as/G 3 Elastic and Inelastic Collisions 206 ur Pint Why It Matters STEM Surviving a Collision 201 olas Careers in Physics High School Physics Teacher 215 h Nic STEM Engineering and Technology: Designing Helmets for Satety 216 © es; (tr) STANDARDS-BASED ASSESSMENT 223 mag Thing Explainer Sky Boat Pusher 223A Getty I CHAPTER LABS Impulse and Momentum HHMMHHSScciieennccee..ccoomm well/ ONLINE Conservation of Momentum e Po Collisions Go online for the full Mik complement of labs. © br) ( Contents ix DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through "File info" CorrectionKey=NL-A CHAPTER 7 CIRCULAR MOTION AND GRAVITATION 224 1 Circular Motion 226 2 Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation 232 3 Motion in Space 240 4 Torque and Simple Machines 246 WWhhyy IItt MMaatttteerrss Black Holes 235 Take It Further Tangential Speed and Acceleration 254 TTaakkee IItt FFuurrtthheerr Rotation and Inertia 256 TTaakkee IItt FFuurrtthheerr Rotational Dynamics 258 Physics on the Edge General Relativity 260 Think Science Developing Theories 262 SSTTAANNDDAARRDDSS--BBAASSEEDD AASSSSEESSSSMMEENNTT 269 TThhiinngg EExxppllaaiinneerr US Space Team’s Up Goer Five 269A CHAPTER LABS Circular Motion HHMMHHSScciieennccee..ccoomm ONLINE Torque and Center of Mass Go online for the full Machines and Efficiency complement of labs. CHAPTER 8 FLUID MECHANICS 270 1 Fluids and Buoyant Force 272 2 Fluid Pressure 278 3 Fluids in Motion 282 TTaakkee IItt FFuurrtthheerr Properties of Gases 285 Take It Further Fluid Pressure 287 TThhiinnkk SScciieennccee Developing Models 289 Timeline Physics and Its World: 1690–1785 296 SSTTAANNDDAARRDDSS--BBAASSEEDD AASSSSEESSSSMMEENNTT 295 CHAPTER LABS Buoyant Vehicle ges HHMMHHSScciieennccee..ccoomm a m ONLINE Buoyancy Go online for the full Getty I complement of labs. on/ nss a h o J a CHAPTER 9 HEAT 298 en L © bl) 1 Temperature and Thermal Equilibrium 300 es; ( g 2 Defining Heat 307 ma 3 Changes in Temperature and Phase 315 etty I G n/ WWhhyy IItt MMaatttteerrss Climate and Clothing 314 diso a WWhhyy IItt MMaatttteerrss STEM Earth-Coupled Heat Pumps 318 d M Careers in Physics HVAC Technician 322 Davi © TShTEinMk SEcnigeinneceer iCngo manpda rTinegch Cnoonlocgeyp:t sG l obal Climate Change 333203 er; (cl) nt e C SSTTAANNDDAARRDDSS--BBAASSEEDD AASSSSEESSSSMMEENNTT 329 ace p S CHAPTEORN LLAINBSE TTehmerpmearal tCuorned auncdt iIonnternal Energy HHMMHHSScciieennccee..ccoomm ohnson J Specific Heat Capacity Go online for the full SA complement of labs. NA © (tl) x HMH Physics
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