HITLER’S SHADOW E M P I R E HITLER’S S HADOW E M P I R E Nazi Economics and the Spanish Civil War Pierpaolo Barbieri Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England 2015 Copyright © 2015 by Pierpaolo Barbieri All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America First printing Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Barbieri, Pierpaolo. Hitler’s shadow empire : Nazi economics and the Spanish Civil War / Pierpaolo Barbieri. p ages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-674-72885-1 (alkaline paper) 1. Spain—H istory— Civil War, 1936–1939—E conomic aspects. 2. Spain— History— Civil War, 1936–1939— Finance. 3. Spain— History— Civil War, 1936–1939— Participation, German. 4. Spain— Foreign economic relations—G ermany. 5. Germany— Foreign economic relations— Spain. 6. Military assistance, German—S pain— History—20th century. 7. Intervention ( International law)— Economic aspects—G ermany— History—20th century. 8. Intervention (International law)— Economic aspects— Spain— History—20th c entury. 9. Schacht, Hjalmar Horace Greeley, 1877–1970. 10. Germany—E conomic policy—1933–1945. I. Title. DP269.8.E2B37 2015 946.081'343— dc23 2014036049 A mis padres, Adriana and Franco, por enseñarme el signifi cado del sacrifi cio CONTENTS Introduction: Bones Beneath 1 1. Two Spains 16 2. “Today Is So Far from Yesterday” 35 3. The Rise and Rise of Hjalmar Schacht 74 4. “Give Me Four Years” 105 5. Dawn of Intervention 135 6. The Precipice 153 7. The Shadow Empire 173 8. “Hateful to God and to His Enemies” 195 9. The Formal Empire 218 Conclusion: Integrated Eu rope 246 Appendix: Economic Data 257 Notes 263 Ac know ledg ments 337 Index 341 HITLER’S SHADOW E M P I R E
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