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Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia PDF

882 Pages·2013·42.26 MB·English
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RICHARD OVERY The Dictators Germany and Russia Hitler~s Stalin~s ALLEN LANE an imprint of PENGUIN BOOKS Contents List of Illustrations IX List of Tables and Maps Xlll Maps XIV Abbreviations xxv Preface XXVII Introduction: Comparing Dictatorships xxx I Stalin and Hitler: Paths to Dictatorship I 2 The Art of Ruling 54 3 Cults of Personality 98 4 The Party State 132 5 States of Terror 176 6 Constructing Utopia 218 7 The Moral Universe of Dictatorship 265 8 Friend and Foe: Popular Responses to Dictatorship 304 9 Cultural Revolutions 349 10 Commanding the Economy 392 II Military Superpowers 441 12 Total War 483 13 Nations and Races 540 14 Empire of the Camps 593 Vll CONTENTS Conclusion: Two Dictatorships Bibliography Notes Index Vlll List of Illustrations FIRST SECTION I Josef Stalin at the height of his powers. 2 Stalin at a meeting of the Praesidium of the Supreme Soviet, with President Kalinin on his left. 3 Stalin applauding his audience after a speech on the new constitution in 1936. 4 A poster of the two leaders Lenin and Stalin, c. 1936. 5 A propaganda session in the Soviet countryside, c. 1930. 6 A march past of athletes in Red Square in Moscow in 1937. 7 Andrei Vyshinsky in 1938 as Chief Procurator of the Soviet Union. 8 A diploma awarded in 1931 for denouncing rich peasants to the authorities. 9 The Praesidium building of the Supreme Soviet of the Ukraine in Kiev. 10 Building the fourth section of the Moscow metro in the I940s. II The Unforgettable Meeting by V. Yefanov, 1936. 12 A party member subjecting a group of Russian prostitutes to a course of political re-education. 13 Troflm Lysenko, the Soviet 'people's scientist'. 14 The giant statue Worker and Collective Farm Woman by Vera Mukhina, on top of the Soviet pavilion in Paris in 1937. 15 An anti-religious demonstration in Moscow in the I920S. 16 A painting of the young Stalin talking to peasants in 1902 by A. Kutateladze. 17 A group of Stakhanovite coal-miners pose after winning the national mineworkers competition. IX LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 18 A couple playing draughts in the Gorky Park of Culture and Rest In 1937. 19 The writer Maxim Gorky after his return to the Soviet Union in 1932. 20 The writer Mikhail Bulgakov. 21 A Georgian woman learning to write using the new alphabet imposed in the late 1920S. 22 The painting At an Old Urals Works by Johanson, winner of the all-Soviet art exhibition of 1929. 23 Tractors lined up at the Chelyabinsk Tractor Factory in 1935. 24 Dividing up the landlords' land in the new Latvian socialist republic. 25 The woman tractor driver who became a Stakhanovite model for other women workers on collective farms. 26 Architects and town-planners work on the reconstruction of Moscow in 1946. 27 A 1936 poster on 'Fascism Means War'. 28 A poster on the threat of war: 'Accursed be the Warmongers! Mothers of the World Fight for Peace'. 29 A former student checks shells in an arms factory. 30 A group of women volunteers in 1941 fighting with partisans against the German invasion. 3 I Women building barricades and preparing Leningrad's defences. 32 Soldiers of General GUfyev's units kneel at the presentation of the Lenin Banner before departing for the Stalingrad front. 33 German soldiers pose with executed partisans. 34 A train filled with Soviet Jews from Belorussia in 1932. 35 A bas-relief of Stalin at Taganskaya station in Moscow. 36 Stalin and Lenin's mausoleum. SECOND SECTION I Adolf Hitler on the path to power. 2 Hitler voting in the general election of March 1936. 3 Hitler welcoming a group of Hitler Youth in 1936. 4 Hitler in 1935 with Rudolf Hess and Joseph Goebbels. x LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 5 Young girls from the Bund deutscher Madel are addressed by Hitler Youth officials and leaders. 6 Adolf Hitler with Heinrich Himmler. 7 The National Socialist lawyer Roland Freisler. 8 Hitler examining a model of an Autobahn bridge with the engineer Fritz Todt and his deputy Albert Speer. 9 Model for the great Congress Hall. 10 Poster idealizing mother and child in the Third Reich. II Chart from a book on genetics published in 1936. 12 The ideal National Socialist family. 13 A member of the Russian National Socialist Party poses in Berlin. 14 The expressionist poet Gottfried Benn. 15 Hitler visits the Exhibition of Degenerate Art in Munich in 1937. 16 Still from the film of the 193 5 ceremony honouring the martyrs of the National Socialist movement in Munich. 17 German girls from the Sudetenland. 18 A labour battalion returning home at the end of the day. 19 Women at the Ravensbruck concentration camp stand ready to begin work in the camp factory. 20 Gathering including Hermann Goring and the SA leader Ernst Rohm. 21 Hitler Youth. 22 Hitler a few months after assuming supreme command of the armed forces in February 1938. 23 A woodcut from 1942 based on a drawing by the Soviet artist Mikhail Pikov which shows German forces routed in front of Moscow. 24 The bombed ruins of the Guinsburg House in Kiev after German attacks in the summer of 1941. 25 An army order published in German and Belorussian in August 1941 requiring the population of the village of Zizicha to leave or be shot. 26 A Red Army soldier murdered on the eastern front. 27 A young Jewish child is assessed racially by German officials. 28 A gypsy baby at Auschwitz, with the camp tattoo on its forearm. 29 A camp drawing from the Buchenwald concentration camp in 1944· Xl LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 30 A group of European Jews waiting after arrival at Auschwitz-Birkenau. 3 I Two women liberated by the Red Army from a camp in Pomerania at the end of the war. 32 Three women truck drivers for the German air force, captured by the American 7th Army at the end of the war. ILLUSTRATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author would like to thank John Cunningham at the Society for Co-Operation in Russian and Soviet Studies (SCRSS) and Marek Jaros at the Wiener Library (WL), the Institute of Contemporary History, for their help with the pictures in this book. Copyright for the following pictures is held by the S CRSS: first section, pictures 1-12, 14, 16-21, 23-36; second section, pictures 23-26, 31. Copyright for the following pictures is held by the WL: second section, pictures 12, 13,20,27. The following images were supplied by the WL, copyright unknown: second section, pictures 1-10, 15-22,28-3°,32. Every effort has been made to trace copyright holders but this has not been possible in all cases. If notified, the publishers will be pleased to rectify any omissions at the earliest opportunity. Xli List of Tables and Maps TABLES Table 4.1 Membership of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union 1917-1953 138 Table 4.2 Membership of the National Socialist Party 1919-1945 140 Table 5.1 Sentences of Cases brought to Trial by State Security 1930-I 9 53 195 Table II.I Defence Expenditure in Germany and the Soviet Union 1928-1939 453 Table 12.1 Resources and Military Output of the Soviet Union and Germany 1941-1945 498 Table 14.1 German Concentration Camp Population 1933-1945 612 Table 14.2 Number of Prisoners in ITLs and ITKs 1930-1953 613 Table 14.3 Admissions, Escapes, Deaths and Releases in the GUlag Camps 1934-1947 615 MAPS I Germany in 1933 XIV 2 The Soviet Union in the 193 os XVI 3 The Party organization in Germany XV111 4 The camp system in central Russia and Siberia XX 5 The camp system in Greater Germany XXll 6 The camp system in the Western Soviet Union XXIV Xlll o 100 2~0 km I Germany in I933

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