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Hitler’s Forgotten Ally: Ion Antonescu and his Regime, Romania 1940–1944 PDF

389 Pages·2006·36.14 MB·English
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Hitler's Forgotten Ally Also by Dennis Deletant CEAUSESCU AND THE SECURITATE COMMUNIST TERROR IN ROMANIA HISTORIANS AS NATION BUILDERS (editor) ROMANIA AND THE WARSAW PACT (editor) SECURITY INTELLIGENCE SERVICES IN NEW DEMOCRACIES Hitler's Forgotten Ally Ion Antonescu and His Regime, Romania 1940-44 Dennis Deletant Professor of Romanian Studies, University College, London * © Dennis Deletant 2006 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2006 978-1-4039-9341-0 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 To ttenham Court Road, london W 1T 4LP. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2006 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 Companies and representatives throughout the world PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin's Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan® is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-54401-1 ISBN 978-0-230-50209-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780230502093 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Deletant, Dennis, 1946- Hitler's forgotten ally: lon Antonescu and his regime, Romania 1940-44 I Dennis Deletant. p. em. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Antonescu, lon, 1882-1946. 2. Romania-Politics and government- 1914-1944. 3. World War, 1939-1945-Romania. 4. Romania-Foreign relations-Germany. 5. Germany-Foreign relations-Romania. 6. Heads of state-Romania-Biography. 7. Marshals-Romania Biography. I. Title. DR262.A5D45 2006 949.8'02092-dc22 (B] 2005056375 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 Transferred to Digital Printing 2007 Contents Ack11owledgemmts vii Abbreviatio11s of Primary Sources ix Introduction 1 1 The Prelude to Antonescu's War 8 2 Antonescu's Path to Power 37 3 Antonescu and the National Legionary State 52 4 Military Dictatorship and War 69 s Antonescu and the jews 102 6 Antonescu and the Holocaust 127 7 Deportation 150 8 Transnistria: The Fate of the Jews and Romas 166 9 Suspension of Deportation, Repatriation and Emigration of)ews 205 10 The Coup of 23 August 1944 230 11 The Trial of Ion Antonescu 245 12 Conclusion 262 A1111ex 278 Notes 280 Bibliography 355 Index 366 v Acknowledgen1ents Several institutions and persons have helped me to make this book what it is. Among the former, my greatest debt is to the Leverhulme Trust in the United Kingdom which awarded me a senior research fellowship, thereby allowing my college, University College, London, to release me from my teaching and administrative duties; and to the Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, DC which granted me a William Rosenzweig Family Fellowship for the academic year 2000-1. I am especially grateful to Dr Paul Shapiro, Director of the Center, and to Dr Radu Ioanid, Head of the International Archival Programs Division, who both gave me warm encouragement in my research and expert navigation around the unique Romanian microfilm collection of the Center. That collection lies at the heart of this book. In Washington, DC I was also fortunate to receive precious insights into the Antonescu era from my friends Mircea Raceanu and Dr Ernest Latham. Ernest has been a generous host during my visits to Washington, as has been Ruth Sulynn Taylor. To both go my heartfelt thanks. In Romania Claudiu Seca~iu of the Council for the Study of the Securitate Archives (CNSAS) facilitated access to the Antonescu files while they were in the temporary custody of that body. Dr ~erban Papacostea, Professor loan Chiper and the library staff of the 'Nicolae Iorga' Institute of History helped me to identity and access secondary Romanian literature and · relevant journal publications. I have drawn enormous benefit from the discussion of my research with Dr Papacostea and Professor Andrei Pippidi. Lya Benjamin and General Mihai Ionescu were generous with their time and their critical observations of existing scholarship - doubtless my own study will attract their incisive attention. Marius Oprea, Armand Go~u, Stejarel Olaru and Drago~ Petrescu of the Institute for Recent History were valuable sparring partners in analysing the Antonescu regime and its immediate aftermath. My friends at the Babe~-Bolyai University in Cluj-Napoca created the condi tions, both cerebral and culinary, in which I could reflect at length on the results of my work in the archives. Professor George Cipaianu was my anchor in Cluj, extending a warm welcome in his home and providing me with countless opportunities to review the progress of my study with him and his colleagues Dr Virgiliu Tirau, Dr Uviu Tar au, Ottmar Tra~ca, loan Ciupea, Dr Marius Bucur, Professor Gheorghe Mandrescu, ~tefan Matei, and Dr Toader Nicoara. I owe my colleagues in the Department of East European Languages and Culture of SSEES, UCL, special thanks for taking over my share of vii viii Hitler's Forgotten Ally administrative duties during my research leave, especially Dr Alex Drace-Francis who covered my teaching commitments, and Dr Rebecca Haynes who smoothed my path in dealing with Antonescu's uneasy alliance with the Iron Guard. My greatest debt is to Dr Maurice Pearton. Maurice read the manuscript of the book and gave it its final shape. His knowledge and understanding of twentieth-century economic and political history saved me from a number of critical errors. I record here with affection my gratitude for his unstinting assistance and guidance throughout the entire course of this project. Abbreviations of Primary Sources ANIC Arhivele Nationale Istorice Centrale (The Central Historical National Archives (formerly the State Archives) Bucharest) ASRI Archive of the Romanian Information Service [the Security Service] CNSAS Consiliul National pentru Studierea Arhivelor fostei Securitati (National Council for the Study of the Archives of the former Securitate) DGFP Dowments on German Foreign Policy, Series D: 1937-45, 14 vols, Washington, DC, London and Arlington, Virginia, 1949-76 MAE Arhiva Ministerului Afacerilor Externe (Archive of the Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Bucharest) MAN Arhiva Ministerului Apararii Nationale (Archive of the Ministry of National Defence, Pite~ti) PRO formerly the Public Record Office, now the National Archives, London USHMM Archives of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum ix X : Miles N *ea 80 100 1¥==;! S.S.R . Black S 20 40 60 E==sl ¥!1 U. 0 1¥ st e ar h c u B · ...._ ........ ...._ . LGARIA ·' A BU NI A M O General Government f ..,:: ~-......_.r-...... Poland J \.. '"'-· ;--....._ A J ." ( I ·"'-. "' R SERBIA "' "\.,.. l....;.r LOVAKI 1 \ j. S I" .-· er er er MANY . .,-" j Romania 941-1942 1920 Fronti 1941 Fronti1942 Fronti GER 1 ..•.••..••.. ... --

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