History Year by Year

322 Pages·2013·52.44 MB·English

by  Dorling Kindersley

LONDON, NEW YORK,
MELBOURNE, MUNICH, AND DELHI
Senior Editor Francesca Baines
Senior Art Editor Sheila Collins
Editors Steven Carton, Clare Hibbert, Andrea Mills
Designers David Ball, Jeongeun Park, Stefan Podhorodecki,
Mary Sandberg, Jane Thomas
Illustrator Jeongeun Park
Managing Editor Linda Esposito
Managing Art Editor Diane Peyton Jones
Category Publisher Andrew Macintyre
Producer Mary Slater
Senior Producer, Preproduction Ben Marcus
Producer, Preproduction Rachel Ng
Picture Researcher Nic Dean
DK Picture Librarian Romaine Werblow
Jacket Editor Manisha Majithia
Jacket Designer Mark Cavanagh
Jacket Design Development Manager Sophia MTT
Publishing Director Jonathan Metcalf
Associate Publishing Director Liz Wheeler
Art Director Phil Ormerod
DK INDIA
Editor Bharti Bedi
Art Editors Deep Shikha Walia, Shipra Jain, Pankaj Bhatia
DTP Designers Neeraj Bhatia, Tanveer Abbas Zaidi
Deputy Managing Editor Kingshuk Ghoshal
Deputy Managing Art Editor Govind Mittal
Preproduction Manager Balwant Singh
Production Manager Pankaj Sharma
SMITHSONIAN ENTERPRISES
Senior Vice President Carol LeBlanc
Director of Licensing Brigid Ferraro
Licensing Manager Ellen Nanney
Product Development Manager Kealy Wilson

Smithsonian Institution consultants from:
Freer-Sackler Galleries of Art
National Air and Space Museum
National Museum of American History
National Museum of Natural History

First American Edition, 2013
Published in the United States by
DK Publishing
375 Hudson Street
New York, New York 10014
13 14 15 16 17 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
001—186993—9/13
Copyright © 2013 Dorling Kindersley Limited
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner.
Published in Great Britain by Dorling Kindersley Limited.
A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN 978-1-4654-1418-2
DK books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk for sales
promotions, premiums, fund-raising, or educational use. For details, contact: DK Publishing
Special Markets, 375 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014 or [email protected].
Color reproduction by Opus Multimedia Services, Delhi, India
Printed and bound in Hong Kong by Hung Hing
Discover more at
www.dk.com
s m i t h s o n i a n
Written by
Peter Chrisp, Joe Fullman,
and Susan Kennedy
Consultant
Philip Parker
Contents
6.5 MYA–3000 BCE 3000 BCE–700 BCE 700 BCE–500 CE 500–1450
Before history Really ancient Much more The marvelous
began history civilized Middle Ages
8 6.5–0.2 MYA 22 3000–2500 BCE 46 700–600 BCE 86 500–600
10 Hunter-gatherers 24 Into battle! 48 Growing up in Sparta 88 The Maya
12 200,000–10,000 BCE 26 Gods and temples 50 600–500 BCE 90 600–700
14 Magical creatures 28 2500–2000 BCE 52 The Greek-Persian wars 92 China’s golden age
16 10,000–3000 BCE 30 The first writing 54 500–400 BCE 94 700–800
18 The first farmers 32 2000–1500 BCE 56 Celtic warriors 96 The world of Islam
34 The metal ages 58 400–300 BCE 98 800–900
36 1500–1000 BCE 60 300–200 BCE 100 The Vikings
38 Hidden treasures 62 Tomb army 102 900–1000
40 An Egyptian scribe 64 200–100 BCE 104 Boy monk
42 1000–700 BCE 66 100–1 BCE 106 1000–1100
68 The Roman Empire 108 1100–1200
70 1–100 CE 110 The Crusades
72 Riot in Pompeii 112 Samurai battle
74 100–200 114 1200–1300
76 200–300 116 Young apprentices
78 A Roman girl’s life 118 Mongol warriors
80 300–400 120 1300–1400
82 400–500 122 Battle of Agincourt
124 1400–1450
126 Aztecs and Incas
Traveling through time
The earliest events in this book took place a very long time ago.
Some dates may be followed by the letters MYA, short for “million
years ago.” Other dates have BCE and CE after them. These are short for
“before the Common Era” and “Common Era.” The Common Era
was originally based on the birth of Jesus. When the exact date of an
event is not used, the letter c. is used. This is short for the Latin word
circa, meaning “round,” and indicates that the date is approximate.
1450–1750 1750–1850 1850–1945 1945–present
Exploring and Time for change Empires and Fast forward
reforming World Wars
130 1450–1475 178 1750–1760 218 1850–1860 266 1945–1950
132 The Renaissance 180 1760–1770 220 1860–1870 268 The Cold War
134 1475–1500 182 The Industrial Revolution 222 American Civil War 270 Divided Berlin
136 Age of Exploration 184 Working at the 224 1870–1880 272 1950–1960
138 1500–1525 cotton mill 226 Unification of Germany 274 1960–1965
140 1525–1550 186 1770–1780 and Italy 276 Civil Rights
142 Ottoman Empire 188 The American 228 1880–1890 278 1965–1970
144 1550–1575 Revolution 230 The Scramble for Africa 280 Man on the Moon
146 Mercator’s map 190 1780–1790 232 Children of Ellis Island 282 1970–1975
148 Europe’s Wars of 192 The French Revolution 234 1890–1900 284 Arab-Israeli Conflict
Religion 194 1790–1800 236 1900–1910 286 1975–1980
150 1575–1600 196 The execution of Louis XVI 238 Learning to fly 288 1980–1985
152 1600–1625 198 1800–1810 240 1910–1915 290 Decolonization
154 The trial of Galileo 200 The slave trade 242 World War I 292 1985–1990
156 Edo Japan 202 1810–1820 244 1915–1920 294 Unknown rebel
158 1625–1650 204 1820–1830 246 1920–1930 296 Fall of Communism
160 Mughal India 206 Medical science 248 1930–1935 298 1990–1995
162 1650–1675 208 1830–1840 250 The Great Depression 300 Living under apartheid
164 1675–1700 210 Revolutionary reaper 252 Worthless money 302 1995–2000
166 Qing China 212 1840–1850 254 1935–1940 304 2000–2005
168 1700–1725 214 Heading west 256 War in Europe 306 War on Terror
170 The rise of Russia 258 War in the Pacific 308 2005–2012
172 1725–1750 260 1940–1945
174 Life at sea 262 Fleeing the Nazis 310 The history of the
United States and Canada
314 Glossary
316 Index
320 Acknowledgments

6.5 –3000
MYA BCE
Before history began
The human story began more than six million years ago, in Africa, when
our apelike ancestors first began to walk upright. Over time they evolved,
becoming bigger and more intelligent. One species, Homo erectus,
learned how to use fire and to make stone tools. They were followed by
more advanced species until, around 200,000 years ago, our own species,
Homo sapiens, appeared. As hunter-gatherers, modern humans settled
every inhabited part of the planet. Then, around 9500 BCE, humans
began to farm, which led to a new way of life.
The “cradle of humankind”
6.5 0.2 Humans belong to a family of upright walking apes, called
▶ MYA
hominins, which evolved in East and South Africa. We
know about hominins thanks to their fossils. One of the
most important sites is the Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania,
where hominin fossils date from around 1.9 MYA. The
gorge is known as “the cradle of humankind.”
6.5 MYA Fossil footprints 3.9 MYA
reveal a species
Two-legged apes walking on Human ancestors
two legs.
The first apes able to walk A new group of hominins,
upright appeared in the forests of called Australopithecines,
Africa. They combined walking spread across the dry
with swinging from trees. The grasslands of East and South
earliest evidence found so far is Africa. They were small, with
called Sahelanthropus tchadensis brains a third the size of those of
(“Human fossil from Sahel”). modern humans, but their
footprints were much like ours.
6 MYA 5 MYA 4 MYA
15,000 years ago
“
We hope to find more
pieces of the puzzle,
45,000
which will shed light on NORTH years ago 25,000
AMERICA
years ago
the connection between
EUROPE
this upright, walking ape, 12,000 Pacific
years ago 45,000 ASIA Ocean
years ago
our early ancestor, and
”
modern man. 12,500
60,000
years ago
150,000 years ago
Richard Leakey, years ago Indian 50,000
Ocean years ago
Kenyan anthropologist
AFRICA
Homo sapiens
SOUTH evolved in East
AMERICA AOtlcaenatnic Africa around
200,000 years ago
120,000
years ago
AUSTRALIA
Antarctica
8