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SPIES & WARS THE UNTOLD HISTORY OF ESPIONAGE ln a o t i it g i d i D E COVERT MISSIONS•SUPER SPIES•DARK SECRETS N FIFTHEDITIO SPIES & WARS For every war waged in public view, there are those fought just as tirelessly in the cover of shadows. Featuring covert missions against allied forces, proxy wars in far-flung places, and even those carried out around us, the History of War Book of Spies & Secret Wars reveals the clandestine campaigns that the authorities would rather remained classified. This includes exploring the long history of espionage, how organisations like the CIA and MI6 were set up, and their key missions. This book also unmasks individual spies who have achieved incredible acts of daring-do, backstabbing betrayal, and salacious scandal. You can also discover the real-life spy gadgets, secret weapons, listening devices and codes these agents have employed over the years. SPIES & WARS Future PLC Quay House, The Ambury, Bath, BA1 1UA Spies & Secret Wars Editorial Editor Jack Parsons Designer Steve Dacombe Compiled by Drew Sleep & Lora Barnes Senior Art Editor Andy Downes Head of Art & Design Greg Whitaker Editorial Director Jon White History Of War Editorial Editor in Chief Tim Williamson Senior Designer Curtis Fermor-Dunman Senior Art Editor Duncan Crook Photography All copyrights and trademarks are recognised and respected Advertising Media packs are available on request Commercial Director Clare Dove International Head of Print Licensing Rachel Shaw [email protected] www.futurecontenthub.com Circulation Head of Newstrade Tim Mathers Production Head of Production Mark Constance Production Project Manager Matthew Eglinton Advertising Production Manager Joanne Crosby Digital Editions Controller Jason Hudson Production Managers Keely Miller, Nola Cokely, Vivienne Calvert, Fran Twentyman Printed in the UK Distributed by Marketforce, 5 Churchill Place, Canary Wharf, London, E14 5HU www.marketforce.co.uk Tel: 0203 787 9001 Spies and Secret Wars Fifth Edition (HWB4361) © 2022 Future Publishing Limited We are committed to only using magazine paper which is derived from responsibly managed, certified forestry and chlorine-free manufacture. The paper in this bookazine was sourced and produced from sustainable managed forests, conforming to strict environmental and socioeconomic standards. The paper holds full FSC or PEFC certification and accreditation. All contents © 2022 Future Publishing Limited or published under licence. All rights reserved. No part of this magazine may be used, stored, transmitted or reproduced in any way without the prior written permission of the publisher. Future Publishing Limited (company number 2008885) is registered in England and Wales. Registered office: Quay House, The Ambury, Bath BA1 1UA. All information contained in this publication is for information only and is, as far as we are aware, correct at the time of going to press. Future cannot accept any responsibility for errors or inaccuracies in such information. You are advised to contact manufacturers and retailers directly with regard to the price of products/services referred to in this publication. 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Future plc is a public Chief executive Zillah Byng-Thorne company quoted on the Non-executive chairman Richard Huntingford London Stock Exchange Chief financial officer Penny Ladkin-Brand (symbol: FUTR) www.futureplc.com Tel +44 (0)1225 442 244 Part of the bookazine series CONTENTS 18 COVERT MISSIONS ORIGINS OF ESPIONAGE 8 92 Killing Hitler’s hangman KEY PLAYERS 102 Special Forces Berlin 18 CIA: Working in the shadows 110 Cold War under the waves 50 24 KGB: The sword and 114 The wrath of Israel shield revisited 118 This movie will set you free 30 MI6: For Queen and country 122 The hunt for Osama bin Laden 36 Spies of the world SUPER SPIES SECRET WARS 132 Sidney Reilly 42 Hidden wars exposed 134 Sir Francis Walsingham 50 10 secret missions of WWII 136 Mata Hari 58 Enigma 140 Harold ‘Kim’ Philby 66 The birth of the SAS 142 Richard Sorge 74 Dark secrets of the real 144 Julius and Ethel Rosenberg French Resistance 84 Organised crime 146 Fritz Duquesne 148 10 Celebrity spies SPY GADGETS THROUGH TIME 122 156 24 6 58 102 92 30 7 ORIGINS OF ORIGINS OF ESPIONAGE ESPIONAGE From military reconnaissance to keeping a close eye on citizens, secret agents have been spying for thousands of years A copy of The Art of War made from Chinese bamboo and currently housed at the University of California. SUN TZU’S ART OF WAR 5TH CENTURY BCE, CHINA Proving that espionage is as old as the hills, Chinese general Sun Tzu wrote the Chinese military treatise, The Art of War, and dedicated the whole of chapter 13 to the subject. In it, he outlined five classes of intelligence sources: local, inward, converted, doomed and surviving. Local spies would be recruited from the general population of an enemy country and be won over by kind treatment while inward spies could be drawn from disaffected enemy officials. Enemy spies could be converted using bribes and liberal promises, yet those doomed were deemed dispensable and told false information to put enemies off the scent. Their untruths would be discovered under interrogation, prompting the enemy to put them to death. Surviving agents were intelligent – if not outwardly foolish and shabby. They could resiliently get behind enemy lines and return with juicy details. “Spies are a most important element in war,” Sun Tzu concluded in a text that became hugely influential. 88 ORIGINS OF ESPIONAGE THE WRITING OF CHANAKYA GENGHIS KHAN’S SLEEPER CELLS C. 350-275 BCE, MAURYAN EMPIRE 1206-1227, MONGOL EMPIRE The ancient Indian philosopher Chanakya, who also assisted the Genghis Khan and his Mongol hordes have often been characterized as opportunistic barbarians first Mauryan emperor Chandragupta in his rise to power, went one that would invade suddenly. In fact, these surprise attacks were carefully coordinated and based step further than Sun Tzu. As well as recognise the importance of on intelligence from spies that had been living in the enemy territory. Secret agents, often posing battle reconnaissance, Chanakya advocated in his political treatise, as merchants, ambassadors, and other representatives, would spend many months making Arthashastra, that governments should sponsor a secret service to a note of enemy infrastructure, spotting ways in and out and checking the defenses likely to monitor their subjects. This would include testing the integrity of be faced by the Mongol armies. The Mongol Empire had a large and complex spy network that government officials, sniffing out conspiracy, and getting rid of political spanned Eurasia, but was organised enough that covert communiqués could travel up to 300 rivals who could not be challenged openly. Chanakya also believed miles per day. Intelligence played a key role in Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia from 1219 to spies should snoop on enemy states and destablise them if necessary. 1221, where the Mongols were outnumbered, while his generals Subutai and Batu Khan sent The treatise also discussed the use of codewords, the system of spies into Poland, Hungary, and as far as Austria before invading Europe from 1223 to 1291. rewards that spies should benefit from, and the kinds of people who should be recruited (among them astrologers, doctors and prostitutes). QUEEN ELIZABETH I’S SPYMASTER 1573-1590, ENGLAND The first dedicated intelligence network in the UK was created by Queen Elizabeth I’s principal secretary, Sir Francis Walsingham, who began serving his majesty in 1573. He employed informers both at home and abroad to track down alleged conspirators and Catholic THE ASSASSINATION OF JULIUS CAESAR priests who may have posed a threat to the Protestant queen. It allowed him to spy on the Pope and on Catholic countries and establish 15 MARCH 44 BCE, ANCIENT ROME links with exiles, successfully keeping Elizabeth safe from harm. His spies could not only decipher and write code but break and repair seals The dictator of the Roman Empire, Julius Caesar, established an extensive network of spies during with precision. Such skills proved useful in 1586 when Walsingham his rule and it was effective enough to catch wind of an assassination plot against him in 44 BCE. learned that Mary, Queen of Scots was corresponding with a group of But although the intelligence community gathered a list of conspirators and handed them to Caesar, Catholics led by Anthony Babington. By using a spy called Gifford to the message was ignored. The resulting senatorial coup, led by Cassius and Brutus, was therefore dupe Mary into believing she could smuggle secret letters in and out successful and Caesar was killed on the Ides of March that year – lending early proof that the best of her guarded residence by hiding them in a beer barrel, the spies intelligence in the world will turn to dust if it’s not acted upon or poor decisions are made. By the were able to get wind of a plot to displace Elizabeth. Following a plot to second century, after decades of eavesdropping the Forum, the Roman Empire turned to the frumentarii, entrap her, Mary and the conspirators were later executed. officials who were wheat collectors by origin but who effectively became the secret service. Espionage became so commonplace that the Latin spicere, meaning to look on, evolved into the word ‘spy.’ 99 ORIGINS OF ESPIONAGE THE CREATION OF THE CULPER RING 1778-1783, AMERICA During the American Revolutionary War, both sides battled to gain as much information about the other as possible and it led to the creation of numerous spy rings. Among them was the Culper Ring which was set up in New York City by American Major Benjamin Tallmadge to send invaluable information about the British Army’s movements to General George Washington. Without such intelligence, he would not have learned the British were set to launch an assault in Rhode Island. The Culper Ring was rather adept at using ciphers and coded letters but Washington also encouraged the use of code names, book codes and dead drops. Invisible ink and letters whose contents were uncovered only through the use of a shaped template also proved effective, while Washington liked to use disinformation to put the British off the scent or to send them headlong into an ambush. It’s little wonder that he earned himself the soft title of spymaster-in-chief. MONITORING THE PEOPLE IN FRANCE Meetings took place to draw 1793, FRANCE up lists of foreigners – later During the French Revolution, Maximilien Robespierre – who is best- they could draw up lists of known for his role in the Reign of Terror – led moves to place foreigners suspects and arrest them. under surveillance in towns, cities and villages across France. The first Comite de Surveillance was created in 1792 but a law was passed on 21 March 1793 granting the setup of Revolutionary Committees across the country, allowing the monitoring and arrests of anyone deemed to be suspicious by way of preventing internal dissent. One result of this was the passing of the French word ‘surveillance’ into English. It derives from the Latin words ‘super’ and ‘vigilantia’ which translate as ‘over’ and ‘watchfulness’. 1100