History of the Jews in Russia and Poland : Volume II From the Death of Alexander I Until the Death of Alexander III (1825-1894) / : From the Earliest Times Until the Present Day

430 Pages·2011·10.78 MB·English

by  Dubnow Semen M

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o VOLUME II
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nly. FROM THE DEATH OF ALEXANDER I. UNTIL THE DEATH OF ALEXANDER III.
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Library skoki5e7,6 i1ll /i n2o00is1, usa
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ww. COPYRIGHT © 2001 BY VARDA BOOKS
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nality g THE JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY OF AMERICA
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nha New ISBN 1-59045-453-7 Library PDF
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wit
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py recording, or any information storage retrieval system, except for
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hase y Varda Books, 9001 Keating Avenue, Skokie, Illinois, USA
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<< Chapter >> Home | TOC
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nctio It was originally proposed to give the history of Russian
d fu Jewry after 1825 — the year with which the first volume con­
nce cludes — in a single volume. This, however, would have re­
ha
h en sulted in producing a volume of unwieldy dimensions, entirely
wit out of proportion to the one preceding it. It has, therefore,
ok
bo become imperative to divide Dubnow’s work into three, in­
he
of t stead of into two, volumes. The second volume, which is here­
opy with offered to the public, treats of the history of Russian
wn c Jewry from the death of Alexander I. (1825) until the death
o
our of Alexander III. (1894). The third and concluding volume will
hase y deal with the reign of Nicholas II., the last of the Romanovs,
urc and will also contain the bibliographical apparatus, the maps,
p
To the index, and other supplementary material. This division
only. will undoubtedly recommend itself to the reader. The next
uter volume is partly in type, and will follow as soon as circum­
p
m
onal co staOnfc tehse p tehrrmeeit .r eigns described in the present volume, that
uti
nstit of Alexander III., though by far the briefest, is treated at con­
n an i siderably greater length than the others. The reason for it is
use o not far to seek. The events which occurred during the four­
he teen years of his reign laid their indelible impress upon Rus­
on is for t sthiaen g Jreowwrtyh, aanndd dtehveeyl ohpamvee nhta dof a A dmeeterircmanin Iisnrga einl.f lTuheen caec cuopuonnt
F versi of Alexander III.’s reign is introduced in the Russian original
PD by a general characterization of the anti-Jewish policies of
brary Russian Tzardom. Owing to the re-arrangement of the mate­
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m
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o
blishersr rial, to which reference was made in the preface to the first
pu volume, this introduction, which would have interrupted the
w.
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o
o t from it, written in the characteristic style of Mr. Dubnow, may
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nality find a place here:
o
ncti Russian Tzardom began its consistent rôle as a persecutor of
u
d f the Eternal People when it received, by way of bequest, the vast
nce Jewish population of disintegrated Poland. At the end of the eight­
ha
h en eenth century, when Western Europe had just begun the emanci­
wit pation of the Jews, the latter were subjected in the East of Eu­
ok rope to every possible medieval experiment. .. . . The reign of Al-
o
b
he exander II., who slightly relieved the civil disfranchisement of the
of t Jews by permitting certain categories among them to live outside
opy the Pale and by a few other measures, forms a brief interlude in
wn c the Russian policy of oppression. His tragic death in 1881 marks
o
ur the beginning of a new terrible reaction which has superimposed
o
urchase y tfhraen scyhsitseemm eonft ,w ahnodle hsaalse asgtareine tt hproogwronm ms iullpioonns tohfe Jpeowlisc yin otof dthise­
o p dismal abyss of medievalism.
T
nly. Russia created a lurid antithesis to Jewish emancipation at a
uter o tbiumte a wlshoe inn t thhee l astetmeri -wciavsi lciozends uBmamlkaatne dS tnaotte os.n .ly. .i n. TWreuset,e rthne E ruirsoep oef,
p
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o Russian Judæophobia—the Russian technical term for Jew-ha-
nal c tred—was paralleled by the appearance of German anti-Semitism
o
uti in which it found a congenial companion. Yet, the anti-Semitism of
nstit the West was after all only a weak aftermath of the infantile dis­
n i
n a ease of Europe—the medieval Jew-hatred—whereas culturally ret­
o
use rograde Russia was still suffering from the same infection in its
he acute, “childish” form. The social and cultural anti-Semitism of the
or t West did not undermine the modern foundations of Jewish civil
n is f equality. But Russian Judæophobia, more governmental than social,
o
F versi bdueicnegd fau lslyys tinem a caciomridn gw nitoht tohnely e antt itrhee rdéigsifmraen cohf iasebmsoelnutt,i sbmu,t palrsoo­
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brary aotf tthhee deixretecrtm pihnyastiicoanl aonf nJiuhdilaaitsimon woaf st hset aJmewpeisdh uppeoonp lteh. eT hfoer peohleiacdy
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m
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ublishersr oasf sRuumsisniga nth ree ahcutei onno,w r eocfe eivcionngo mvairci,o nuosw c oolfo nras taiot nvaal raionuds r epleigriiooduss,,
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ww. now of bureaucratic oppression. The year 1881 marks the starting-
w
o point of this systematic war against the Jews, which has contin­
o t
nality g umeidn autniotinl oouf rt hoew gnr edaaty sw, oarnldd isst rbuogugnled. to reach a crisis upon the ter­
o
ncti
d fu Concerning the transcription of Slavonic names, the read­
nce er is referred to the explanations given in the preface to the
ha
h en first volume. The foot-notes added by the translator have
ok wit been placed in square brackets. The poetic quotations by the
bo author have been reproduced in English verse, the transla­
he
of t tion following both in content and form the original languag­
opy es of the quotations as closely as possible. As in the case of
wn c the first volume, a number of editorial changes have become
o
our necessary. The material has been re-arranged and the head­
hase y ings have been supplied in accordance with the general plan
urc of the work. A number of pages have been added, dealing with
p
o
only. T tthhee aatnttiit-uJdeew oisfh t hpee rAsmeceurtiicoanns pieno Rpules sainad. TGhoevseer namddeinttio tnosw waridll
puter be found on pp. 292–296, pp. 394–396, and pp. 408–410. I
m
onal co athme ipnrdoeobf toefd tthois D pra. rCt yorfu tsh Ae dwleorr kf.o r his kindness in reading
uti
nstit The dates given in this volume are those of the Russian
n an i calendar, except for the cases in which the facts relate to
use o happenings outside of Russia.
he As in the first volume, the translator has been greatly as­
on is for t swisitthe dh ibsy u tshuea Hl coanr. eM aanyde rd Sisuclrzibmeirngaetri,o wnh, oa nhda sb rye Padro tfhees sporro Aofls­
F versi exander Marx, who has offered a number of valuable sugges­
D
P tions. I. F.
brary
Li
his NEW YORK, February 25, 1918.
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pu CHAPTER PAGE
w.
ww XIII. THE MILITARY DESPOTISM OF NICHOLAS I.
o
o t 1. Military Service as a Means of De-Judaization . . 13

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nality 2. Thes cRriepctriuoint in. g. . U. .k . a. s. e. . o. f. . 1. 8. 2. 7. . a. n. .d . .J .u .v .e . n. i.l .e . .C .o . n. ­
18

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ncti 3. Military Martyrdom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

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d f 4. The Policy of Expulsions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

nce 5. The Codification of Jewish Disabilities . . . . . . . . 34

ha
h en 6. The Russian Censorship and Conversionist En­

wit deavors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

book XIV. COMPULSORY ENLIGHTENMENT AND INCREASED OPPRES­

he SION.

py of t 1. Enlightenment as a Means of Assimilation . . . . . 46

n co 2. Uvarov and Lilienthal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

w 3. The Abolition of Jewish Autonomy and Renewed

o
ur Persecutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

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urchase y 45.. ITnhtee rcEecsosinoonm oicf WPelisgthetr n oEf urRoupsesaiann JeJwewryr .y . . a. .n .d .
66

o p Agricultural Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

only. T 67.. TThhee RMisttuiasll aMvlu Ardfefar irT r.i .a .l . o. f. . V. e. l.i .z .h . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 7824

puter XV. THE JEWS IN THE KINGDOM OF POLAND.
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nal co 12.. PPloalnitsic oafl JReewacisthio nE manandc Lipitaetrioarny . A. .n .t .i -.S . e. m. .i .t i. s. m. . .. .. 8984

o
uti 3. Assimilationist Tendencies Among the Jews of

nstit Poland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

n i
n a 4. The Jews and the Polish Insurrection of 1831. . 105

o
use XVI. THE INNER LIFE OF RUSSIAN JEWRY DURING THE PERIOD

he OF MILITARY DESPOTISM.

n is for t 12.. TThhee UStnacgonmatpioronm oifs iHnga sAidttisitmud . e. . o. .f . R. .a .b .b . i.n .i .s .m . .. .. .. .. 111161

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F versi 3. Thes oRhuns) s. i. a. n. . M. . e. n. .d .e .l .s .s .o .h . n. . (. I. s. a. a. c. . B. .a . e. r. .L . e. v. .i n. ­.
. 125

D
brary P 45.. TThhee RJeiwses oafn Nd etoh-eH Rebursasiica nC uPletouprele .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 113328

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