History Of The International Energy Agency: The History of the International Energy Agency

353 Pages·2004·1.48 MB·English

by  Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development

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I N T E R N A T I O N A L E N E R G Y A G E N C Y
VOLUME FOUR
SUPPLEMENT TO
VOLUMES I, II & III
HISTORY Intro 26/03/04 11:04 Page 1
I N T E R N A T I O N A L E N E R G Y A G E N C Y
VOLUME FOUR
SUPPLEMENT TO
VOLUMES I, II & III
CRAIG S. BAMBERGER
Volumes I, II and III of The History of the IEA: The First 20 Yearscan be consulted
free of charge as pdf. files on the IEA website: www.iea.org
Volume IV, the Supplement to Volumes I, II and III, is designed to be used in
conjunction with the first three volumes, adding new information to them and
updating their existing sections and chapters through the end of 2003.
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INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY ORGANISATION FOR
9, rue de la Fédération, ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION
75739 Paris Cedex 15, France AND DEVELOPMENT
The International Energy Agency (IEA) is an Pursuant to Article 1 of the Convention signed in
autonomous body which was established in November Paris on 14th December 1960, and which came into
1974 within the framework of the Organisation for force on 30th September 1961, the Organisation for
Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) to Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
implement an international energy programme. shall promote policies designed:
It carries out a comprehensive programme of • to achieve the highest sustainable economic
energy co-operation among twenty-six* of the growth and employment and a rising standard of
OECD’s thirty member countries. The basic aims of living in member countries, while maintaining
the IEA are: financial stability, and thus to contribute to the
development of the world economy;
• to maintain and improve systems for coping with
oil supply disruptions;
• to contribute to sound economic expansion in
• to promote rational energy policies in a global member as well as non-member countries in the
context through co-operative relations with non- process of economic development; and
member countries, industry and international
organisations; • to contribute to the expansion of world trade on
a multilateral, non-discriminatory basis in
• to operate a permanent information system on accordance with international obligations.
the international oil market;
The original member countries of the OECD are Austria,
• to improve the world’s energy supply and
Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece,
demand structure by developing alternative
Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands,
energy sources and increasing the efficiency of
Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey,
energy use;
the United Kingdom and the United States. The
• to assist in the integration of environmental and following countries became members subsequently
energy policies. through accession at the dates indicated hereafter:
Japan (28th April 1964), Finland (28th January 1969),
* IEA member countries: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Australia (7th June 1971), New Zealand (29th May
Canada, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, 1973), Mexico (18th May 1994), the Czech Republic
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, (21st December 1995), Hungary (7th May 1996),
Japan, the Republic of Korea, Luxembourg, the Poland (22nd November 1996), the Republic of Korea
Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Spain, (12th December 1996) and the Slovak Republic
Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom, (28th September 2000). The Commission of the
the United States. The European Commission also European Communities takes part in the work of the
takes part in the work of the IEA. OECD (Article 13 of the OECD Convention).
© OECD/IEA, 2004
Applications for permission to reproduce or translate all or part of this publication
should be made to: Head of Publications Service, OECD
2, rue André-Pascal, 75775 Paris Cedex 16, France.
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BIOGRAPHY
Craig S. Bamberger was the IEA's Legal Counsel from 1992 through 2001.
He earned his law degree at Harvard and has had extensive legal and
energy experience both in the private practice of law and as a senior official
of the US Department of Energy. While serving as IEA Legal Counsel he also
was the principal legal advisor to the negotiation of the Energy Charter
Treaty. His publications include contributions to Walde (ed.), The Energy
Charter Treaty: An East-West Gateway for Investment and Trade(Kluwer Law
International 1996) and Roggenkamp et al. (ed.), Energy Law in Europe
(Oxford U. Press 2001).
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FOREWORD
In 1994, the International Energy Agency (IEA) published Richard Scott’s
History of the International Energy Agency: The First Twenty Years. Ten years
later, in commemoration of the IEA’s thirtieth anniversary, it is especially
appropriate to welcome this supplementary history of the Agency written by
Craig S. Bamberger, the IEA’s Legal Counsel from 1992 to 2001. This work
serves as a useful complement to Mr. Scott’s original writings, building on his
framework and providing an updated record of the institutional development
of the IEA, its policies and programmes. Readers will also see evidence of
governments’ changing views on the role of international organisations and
gain insights into the evolution of energy policy.
The IEA was established in November 1974 within the framework of the
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) to ensure
the energy security of industrialised countries in the wake of the OPEC oil
embargo and energy crisis of 1973. During the past thirty years, much has
changed. The IEA has grown from 15 to 26 Member countries. Energy
security concerns have broadened beyond oil to include electricity, natural
gas and other fuels and are now shared by many developing countries outside
of the OECD. There is a growing recognition of the need to achieve a balance
among energy security, economic growth and environmental protection. The
IEA has adapted and adjusted to address these new challenges. Mr.
Bamberger’s work documents the IEA’s response to the developments of the
past decade and should prove a valuable resource for IEA Member country
governments, IEA Secretariat staff, scholars and individuals interested in
international organisations and energy policy.
While Mr. Bamberger produced this work under contract with the IEA and was
given assistance by the Secretariat, he has drafted this supplement
independently and not as a representative of the Agency. I would like to
acknowledge the considerable effort required to complete this book and note
the efforts of Mr. Bamberger, Ms. Nancy Turck, current Legal Counsel of the
IEA and her staff, the IEA’s Public Information Office and other members of
the IEA Secretariat, both present and past, who contributed to its completion.
Claude Mandil
Executive Director
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author owes thanks to a number of present or former members of the IEA
Secretariat who contributed to the preparation of this Supplement.
Special thanks go to the author's successor as IEA Legal Counsel, Nancy
Turck, and her staff, who made extraordinary efforts to provide the needed
large quantities of documents, intervened with other Secretariat staff to obtain
written contributions and answers to numerous questions, typed and
formatted the text, assembled the supporting appendices, and generally
managed production of the book. Without the generous help of Nancy Turck
and Gina Dark, Manuela Caruso, Victoria Ryan and Kristen Hecht of her staff,
it would not have been possible for the author to compose the text for this
book from his distant location in a suburb of Washington, D.C.
Even before the author began to write, he benefited from suggested outlines
drafted by former IEA Deputy Executive Director John P. Ferriter (of the entire
book) and (for the areas within their expertise) by former IEA Directors Olivier
Appert and Tatsuo Masuda. While drafting, he received very useful inputs from
present or former IEA Office Heads Jean-Yves Garnier, Phil Harrington, Hanns-
Joachim Neef and Klaus Rehaag. The Agency's Administrative Officer, Beth
Hunter, and Ane Nielsen in her office, patiently answered many questions and
provided essential financial data. During a working visit to the IEA, Einar
Einarsson and Angela Gazar ironed out computer problems. Those who read
and made helpful suggestions about the text included IEA Executive Director
Claude Mandil, Deputy Executive Director William C. Ramsay, Richard Scott,
and past or present IEA Secretariat members Olivier Appert, Carmen Difiglio,
Marianne Haug, Kristine Kuolt and, of course, Nancy Turck. Other IEA staff who
gave valuable assistance included Jun Arima, Xavier Chen, Yvonne Corcoran,
Gordon Duffus, Benoît Lebot, Cedric Philibert, Mieke Reece, Karen Treanton
and Fridtjof Unander. Last but not least, many thanks to the author's former
secretary, Shirley Wittner, for preparing the index.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
(Those sections of The History that are unaffected by The Supplement
are omitted from the Table of Contents)
BIOGRAPHY..........................................................................3
FOREWORD...........................................................................5
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.............................................................7
TABLE OF CONTENTS ...............................................................9
INTRODUCTION TO THE SUPPLEMENT.........................................15
SUPPLEMENTTO VOLUME ONE..................................................17
CHAPTER III, THE I.E.P. AGREEMENT OF 1974 .........................19
B. Legal Effect of the I.E.P. Agreement
in the National Law of Members .................................19
C. IEA Participating Countries, States,
Signatory States and Governments..............................19
D. Provisional Application.............................................19
E. Consents to be Bound..............................................19
F. Absence of Reservations;
Acceptance of Declarations ......................................19
H. Accession............................................................20
K. Amendments ........................................................20
M. Interpretation .......................................................20
N. General Review of the I.E.P........................................21
CHAPTER IV, IEA RELATIONSHIPS.......................................23
A. Membership in the IEA.............................................23
2. Membership by Accession.....................................23
2(j) Participation in Governing Board Meetings..............23
2(n) Scale of Contributions Amendment......................23
2(o) Accession to the OECD Council Decision ...............23
3 Exceptional Situation of Norway..............................24
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