History of the Christian Church, Volume V

492 Pages·2004·1.7 MB·English

by  Philip Schaff

History of the Christian Church, Volume V:
The Middle Ages. A.D. 1049-1294.
by
Philip Schaff
About History of the Christian Church, Volume V: The Middle Ages. A.D.
1049-1294. by Philip Schaff
Title: History of the Christian Church, Volume V: The Middle Ages. A.D.
1049-1294.
URL: http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/hcc5.html
Author(s): Schaff, Philip (1819-1893)
Publisher: Grand Rapids, MI: Christian CLassics Ethereal Library
First Published: 1882
Source: Electronic Bible Society
Date Created: 2002-11-27
Contributor(s): whp (Transcriber)
Wendy Huang (Markup)
CCEL Subjects: All; History;
LC Call no: BR145.S3
LC Subjects: Christianity
History
History of the Christian Church, Volume V: The Philip Schaff
Middle Ages. A.D. 1049-1294.
Table of Contents
About This Book. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. ii
Title Page. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 1
Preface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 2
General Literature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 4
Introductory Survey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 6
The Hildebrandian Popes. A.D. 1049-1073. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 8
Sources and Literature on Chapters I. and II. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 8
Hildebrand and his Training. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 9
Hildebrand and Leo IX. 1049-1054. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 11
Victor II. and Stephen IX. (X.). 1055-1058. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 13
Nicolas II. and the Cardinals. 1059-1061. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 13
The War against Clerical Marriage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 15
Alexander II. and the Schism of Cadalus. 1061-1073. . . . . . . . . . . . p. 16
Gregory Vii, 1073-1085. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 17
Hildebrand elected Pope. His Views on the Situation. . . . . . . . . . . . p. 17
The Gregorian Theocracy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 19
Gregory VII. as a Moral Reformer. Simony and Clerical Marriage. . . . . p. 23
The Enforcement of Sacerdotal Celibacy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 25
The War over Investiture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 28
Gregory VII. and Henry IV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 29
Canossa. 1077. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 32
Renewal of the Conflict. Two Kings and Two Popes. . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 35
Death of Gregory VII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 38
The Papacy From The Death Of Gregory Vii. To The Concordat Of Worms.
A.D 1085-1122. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 40
Victor III. and Urban II. 1086-1099. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 40
Pascal II. and Henry V. 1099-1118. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 42
The Concordat of Worms. 1122. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 44
The Conflict of the Hierarchy in England. William the Conqueror and
Lanfranc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 46
William Rufus and Anselm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 50
Anselm and Henry I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 52
The Papacy From The Concordat Of Worms To Innocent Iii. A.D.
1122-1198. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 53
Innocent II., 1130-1143, and Eugene III., 1145-1153. . . . . . . . . . . . p. 53
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Arnold of Brescia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 54
The Popes and the Hohenstaufen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 57
Adrian IV. and Frederick Barbarossa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 61
Alexander III. in Conflict with Barbarossa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 63
The Peace of Venice. 1177. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 66
Thomas Becket and Henry II of England. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 68
The Archbishop and the King. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 73
The Martyrdom of Thomas Becket. Dec. 29, 1170. . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 79
The Effects of Becket's Murder. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 82
Innocent Iii. And His Age. A.D. 1198-1216. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 85
Literature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 85
Innocent's Training and Election. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 86
Innocent's Theory of the Papacy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 88
Innocent and the German Empire. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 90
Innocent and King John of England. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 92
Innocent and Magna Charta. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 96
The Fourth Lateran Council, 1215. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 97
The Papacy From The Death Of Innocent Iii. To Boniface Viii.
1216-1294. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 100
The Papal Conflict with Frederick II Begun. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 101
Gregory IX. and Frederick II. 1227-1241. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 102
The First Council of Lyons and the Close of Frederick's Career.
1241-1250. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 106
The Last of the Hohenstaufen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 110
The Empire and Papacy at Peace. 1271-1294. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 112
The Crusades. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 116
Literature on the Crusades as a Whole. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 116
Character and Causes of the Crusades. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 118
The Call to the Crusades. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 124
The First Crusade and the Capture of Jerusalem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 127
The Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem. 1099-1187. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 135
The Fall of Edessa and the Second Crusade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 138
The Third Crusade. 1189-1192. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 140
The Children's Crusades. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 145
The Fourth Crusade and the Capture of Constantinople. 1200-1204. . . p. 146
Frederick II. and the Fifth Crusade. 1229. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 151
St. Louis and the Last Crusades. 1248, 1270. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 153
The Last Stronghold of the Crusaders in Palestine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 156
Effects of the Crusades. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 157
The Military Orders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 160
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The Monastic Orders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 166
The Revival of Monasticism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 166
Monasticism and the Papacy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 175
The Monks of Cluny. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 177
The Cistercians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 180
St. Bernard of Clairvaux. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 183
The Augustinians, Carthusians, Carmelites, and other Orders. . . . . . p. 191
Monastic Prophets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 196
The Mendicant Orders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 200
Franciscan Literature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 205
St. Francis d'Assisi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 209
The Franciscans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 217
St. Dominic and the Dominicans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 222
Missions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 226
Literature and General Survey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 226
Missions in Northeastern Germany. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 227
Missions among the Mohammedans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 229
Missions among the Mongols. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 232
The Jews. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 234
Heresy And Its Suppression. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 242
Literature for the Entire Chapter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 242
The Mediaeval Dissenters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 245
The Cathari. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 249
Peter de Bruys and Other Independent Leaders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 255
The Amaurians and Other Isolated Sects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 257
The Beguines and Beghards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 259
The Waldenses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 261
The Crusades against the Albigenses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 269
The Inquisition. Its Origin and Purpose. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 273
The Inquisition. Its Mode of Procedure and Penalties. . . . . . . . . . . . p. 278
Universities And Cathedrals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 282
Schools. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 282
Books and Libraries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 287
The Universities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 291
The University of Bologna. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 298
The University of Paris. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 300
Oxford and Cambridge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 304
The Cathedrals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 308
Scholastic And Mystic Theology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 311
Literature and General Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 311
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Sources and Development of Scholasticism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 313
Realism and Nominalism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 315
Anselm of Canterbury. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 317
Peter Abaelard. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 323
Abaelard's Teachings and Theology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 329
Younger Contemporaries of Abaelard. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 333
Peter the Lombard and the Summists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 335
Mysticism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 338
St. Bernard as a Mystic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 339
Hugo and Richard of St. Victor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 342
Scholasticism At Its Height. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 345
Alexander of Hales. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 345
Albertus Magnus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 346
Thomas Aquinas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 350
Bonaventura. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 359
Duns Scotus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 362
Roger Bacon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 367
The Sacramental System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 371
Literature on the Sacraments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 371
The Seven Sacraments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 372
Baptism and Confirmation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 376
The Eucharist. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 378
Eucharistic Practice and Superstition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 382
Penance and Indulgences. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 386
Penance and Indulgences. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 389
Extreme Unction, Ordination, and Marriage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 393
Sin and Grace. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 396
The Future State. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 400
Pope And Clergy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 403
The canon Law. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 404
The Papal Supremacy in Church and State. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 407
The Pope and the Curia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 412
Bishops. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 419
The Lower Clergy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 422
The Councils. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 427
Church and Clergy in England. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 429
Two English Bishops. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 435
Popular Worship And Superstition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 438
The Worship of Mary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 438
The Worship of Relics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 446
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The Sermon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 449
Hymns and Sacred Poetry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 454
The Religious Drama. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 460
The Flagellants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 464
Demonology and the Dark Arts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 466
The Age passing Judgment upon Itself. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 472
Indexes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 477
Subject Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 477
Index of Scripture References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 477
German Words and Phrases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 479
French Words and Phrases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 483
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viii
History of the Christian Church, Volume V: The Middle Ages. Philip Schaff
A.D. 1049-1294.
HISTORY
of the
CHRISTIAN CHURCH1
by
PHILIP SCHAFF
Christianus sum. Christiani nihil a me alienum puto
VOLUME V.
THE MIDDLE AGES
From Gregory VII., 1049, to BONIFACE VIII., 1294
by
DAVID S. SCHAFF, D.D.
1 Schaff, Philip, History of the Christian Church, (Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research Systems, Inc.) 1997. The material
has been carefully compared and corrected according to the Eerdmans reproduction of the 1907 edition by Charles Scribner's
sons, with emendations by The Electronic Bible Society, Dallas, TX, 1998.
History of the Christian Church, Volume V: The Middle Ages. Philip Schaff
A.D. 1049-1294.
preface.
It was the constant hope of Dr. Philip Schaff, the author of the History of the Christian Church,
that he might live to finish the treatment of the Middle Ages, to which he had devoted one volume,
covering the years 600–1050. He frequently said, during the last years of his life, "If I am able to
accomplish this, my History of the Christian Church will be measurably complete and I will be
satisfied then to stop." He entered upon the task and had completed his studies on the pontificates
of Gregory VII. and Alexander III., when his pen was laid aside and death overtook him, Oct. 20,
1893. The two volumes found lying open on his study table, as he had left them the day before,
Jeremy Taylor’s Holy Living and Holy Dying and a volume of Hurter’s Life of Innocent III., showed
the nature of his thoughts in his last hours.
Dr. Schaff’s distinction as a writer on Church History dated from the year 1851 when his
History of the Apostolic Church appeared, first in its original German form, Mercersburg, Pa., pp.
xvi, 576, and Leipzig, 1853, and then in English translation, New York and Edinburgh, 1853, 1854.
Before that time, he had shown his taste for historical studies in his tract on What is Church History?
translated by Dr. John W. Nevin, Phila., 1846, pp. 128, and the address on the Principle of
Protestantism, which he delivered at his inauguration as professor in the theological seminary at
Mercersburg, 1844. This address was published in its German form and in an English translation
by Dr. Nevin, Chambersburg, 1845.
Dr. Schaff continued his publications in this department with the issue of his History of the
Christian Church 1–600, in 2 volumes, N. Y., 1858–1867. In the meantime, his attention had been
called to the subjects of biblical literature and exegesis, and his labors resulted in the publication
of the American edition of Lange’s Commentary in 25 volumes and other works. In 1887 he issued
his Creeds of Christendom in 3 volumes. Left free to devote himself to the continuation of his
History, which he was inclined to regard as his chief literary work, he found it necessary, in order
to keep abreast of the times and to present a fresh treatment, to begin his studies again at the very
beginning and consequently the series, to which this volume belongs, is an independent work written
afresh and differing in marked features from its predecessors. For example, the first volume, on
the Apostolic age, devotes an extensive treatment to the authorship and dates of the Apostolic
writings to which scarcely any space was given in the History of the Apostolic Church of 1851 and
the History of the Apostolic Church of 1858–1867. The treatment was demanded by the new attitude
of scholarship to the questions presented by the Apostolic age.
Dr. Schaff lived to prepare six volumes of this new work, three on early Christianity, one
on mediaeval Christianity, and two on the Protestant Reformation. It is of some interest that Dr.
Schaff’s last writing was a pamphlet on the Reunion of Christendom, pp. 71, a subject which he
treated with warm practical sympathy and with materials furnished by the studies of the historian.
The substance of the pamphlet had been used as a paper read before the Parliament of Religions at
the Columbian Exposition, Chicago. It was a great satisfaction to him to have the Faculty of the
Berlin University,—where he had spent part of his student life, 1840–1841, and which had conferred
on him the doctorate of divinity in 1854,—bear testimony in their congratulatory letter on the
semicentennial of his professorial career that his "History of the Christian Church is the most notable
monument of universal historical learning produced by the school of Neander" (Life Of Philip
Schaff, p. 467).
2