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History of the Christian Church, Volume III: Nicene and Post-Nicene Christianity. A.D. 311-600. by Philip Schaff About History of the Christian Church, Volume III: Nicene and Post-Nicene Christianity. A.D. 311-600. by Philip Schaff Title: History of the Christian Church, Volume III: Nicene and Post-Nicene Christianity. A.D. 311-600. URL: http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/hcc3.html Author(s): Schaff, Philip (1819-1893) Publisher: Grand Rapids, MI: Christian CLassics Ethereal Library First Published: 1882 Print Basis: Fifth edition, revised Source: Electronic Bible Society Date Created: 2002-11-27 Contributor(s): whp (Transcriber) Wendy Huang (Markup) CCEL Subjects: All; History; LC Call no: BR145.S3 LC Subjects: Christianity History History of the Christian Church, Volume III: Nicene and Philip Schaff Post-Nicene Christianity. A.D. 311-600. Table of Contents About This Book. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. ii Title Page. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 1 Preface to the Third Revision. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 2 Preface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 3 Sources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 4 Later Literature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 5 Introduction and General View. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 6 Downfall of Heathenism and Victory of Christianity in the Roman Empire. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 9 Constantine The Great. a.d. 306-337. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 10 The Sons of Constantine. a.d. 337-361. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 25 Julian the Apostate, and the Reaction of Paganism. a.d. 361-363. . . . . p. 26 From Jovian to Theodosius. a.d. 363-392. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 37 Theodosius the Great and his Successors. a.d. 392-550. . . . . . . . . . p. 40 The Downfall of Heathenism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 42 The Literary Triumph of Christianity over Greek and Roman Heathenism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 44 Heathen Polemics. New Objections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 44 Julian's Attack upon Christianity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 46 The Heathen Apologetic Literature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 49 Christian Apologists and Polemics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 50 Augustine's City of God. Salvianus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 52 Alliance of Church and State and Its Influence on Public Morals and Religion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 54 The New Position of the Church in the Empire. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 55 Rights and Privileges of the Church. Secular Advantages. . . . . . . . . p. 58 Support of the Clergy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 60 Episcopal Jurisdiction and Intercession. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 62 Legal Sanction of Sunday. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 63 Influence of Christianity on Civil Legislation. The Justinian Code. . . . . p. 64 Elevation of Woman and the Family. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 67 Social Reforms. The Institution of Slavery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 69 Abolition of Gladiatorial Shows. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 74 Evils of the Union of Church and State. Secularization of the Church. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 75 iii History of the Christian Church, Volume III: Nicene and Philip Schaff Post-Nicene Christianity. A.D. 311-600. Worldliness and Extravagance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 76 Byzantine Court Christianity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 77 Intrusion of Politics into Religion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 78 The Emperor-Papacy and the Hierarchy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 80 Restriction of Religious Freedom, and Beginnings of Persecution of Heretics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 83 The Rise and Progress of Monasticism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 87 Origin of Christian Monasticism. Comparison with other forms of Asceticism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 88 Development of Monasticism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 92 Nature and Aim of Monasticism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 94 Monasticism and the Bible. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 96 Lights and Shades of Monastic Life. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 97 Position of Monks in the Church. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 103 Influence and Effect of Monasticism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 103 Paul of Thebes and St. Anthony. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 106 Spread of Anchoretism. Hilarion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 112 St. Symeon and the Pillar Saints. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 113 Pachomius and the Cloister life. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 116 Fanatical and Heretical Monastic Societies in The East. . . . . . . . . . . p. 118 Monasticism in the West. Athanasius, Ambrose, Augustine, Martin of Tours. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 119 St. Jerome as a Monk. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 122 St. Paula. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 127 Benedict of Nursia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 129 The Rule of St. Benedict. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 130 The Benedictines. Cassiodorus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 133 Opposition to Monasticism. Jovinian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 134 Helvidius, Vigilantius, and Aerius. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 137 The Hierarchy and Polity of the Church. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 139 Schools of the Clergy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 139 Clergy and Laity. Elections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 142 Marriage and Celibacy of the Clergy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 144 Moral Character of the Clergy in general. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 149 The Lower Clergy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 153 The Bishops. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 156 Organization of the Hierarchy: Country Bishop, City Bishops, and Metropolitans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 158 The Patriarchs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 161 Synodical Legislation on the Patriarchal Power and Jurisdiction. . . . . p. 163 iv History of the Christian Church, Volume III: Nicene and Philip Schaff Post-Nicene Christianity. A.D. 311-600. The Rival Patriarchs of Old and New Rome. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 168 The Latin Patriarch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 171 Conflicts and Conquests of the Latin Patriarchate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 173 The Papacy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 177 Opinions of the Fathers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 179 The Decrees of Councils on the Papal Authority. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 183 Leo the Great. a.d. 440-461. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 186 The Papacy from Leo I to Gregory I. a.d. 461-590. . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 190 The Synodical System. The Ecumenical Councils. . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 194 List of the Ecumenical Councils of the Ancient Church. . . . . . . . . . . p. 205 Books of Ecclesiastical Law. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 208 Church Discipline and Schisms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 209 Decline of Discipline. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 209 The Donatist Schism. External History. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 212 Augustine and the Donatists. Their Persecution and Extinction. . . . . . p. 214 Internal History of the Donatist Schism. Dogma of the Church. . . . . . p. 214 The Roman Schism of Damasus and Ursinus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 218 The Meletian Schism at Antioch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 219 Public Worship and Religious Customs and Ceremonies. . . . . . . . . . . p. 220 The Revolution in Cultus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 220 The Civil and Religious Sunday. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 222 The Church Year. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 226 The Christmas Cycle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 231 The Easter Cycle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 235 The Time of the Easter Festival. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 237 The Cycle of Pentecost. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 239 The Exaltation of the Virgin Mariology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 240 Mariolatry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 247 The Festivals of Mary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 249 The Worship of Martyrs and Saints. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 251 Festivals of the Saints. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 260 The Christian Calendar. The Legends of the Saints. The Acta Sanctorum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 261 Worship of Relics. Dogma of the Resurrection. Miracles of Relics. . . . . p. 263 Observations on the Miracles of the Nicene Age. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 270 Processions and Pilgrimages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 273 Public Worship of the Lord's Day. Scripture-Reading and Preaching. . . p. 275 The Sacraments in General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 278 Baptism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 282 Confirmation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 286 v History of the Christian Church, Volume III: Nicene and Philip Schaff Post-Nicene Christianity. A.D. 311-600. Ordination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 287 The Sacrament of the Eucharist. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 288 The Sacrifice of the Eucharist. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 295 The Celebration of the Eucharist. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 301 The Liturgies. Their Origin and Contents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 304 The Oriental Liturgies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 310 The Occidental Liturgies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 313 Liturgical Vestments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 315 Christian Art. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 317 Religion and Art. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 317 Church Architecture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 318 The Consecration of Churches. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 320 Interior Arrangement of Churches. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 321 Architectural Style. The Basilicas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 325 The Byzantine Style. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 327 Baptisteries, Grave-Chapels, and Crypts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 329 Crosses and Crucifixes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 330 Images of Christ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 331 Images of Madonna and Saints. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 336 Consecrated Gifts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 338 Church Poetry and Music. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 339 The Poetry of the Oriental Church. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 341 The Latin Hymn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 345 The Latin Poets and Hymns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 348 Theological Controversies, and Development of the Ecumenical Orthodoxy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 357 General Observations. Doctrinal Importance of the Period. Influence of the Ancient Philosophy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 357 Sources of Theology. Scripture and Tradition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 360 The Arian Controversy down to the Council of Nicaea, 318-325. . . . . p. 366 The Council of Nicaea, 325. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 370 The Arian and Semi-Arian Reaction, a.d. 325-361. . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 376 The Final Victory of Orthodoxy, and the Council of Constantinople, 381. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 379 The Theological Principles involved: Import of the Controversy. . . . . . p. 381 Arianism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 383 Semi-Arianism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 386 Revived Sabellianism. Marcellus and Photinus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 387 The Nicene Doctrine of the Consubstantiality of the Son with the Father. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 388 vi History of the Christian Church, Volume III: Nicene and Philip Schaff Post-Nicene Christianity. A.D. 311-600. The Doctrine of the Holy Spirit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 394 The Nicene and Constantinopolitan Creed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 396 The Nicene, Doctrine of the Trinity. The Trinitarian Terminology. . . . . p. 398 The Post-Nicene Trinitarian Doctrine of Augustine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 406 The Athanasian Creed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 409 The Orgenistic Controversy in Palestine. Epiphanius, Rufinus, and Jerome, a.d. 394-399. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 414 The Origenistic Controversy in Egypt and Constantinople. Theophilus and Chrysostom a.d. 399-407. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 416 General View. Alexandrian and Antiochian Schools. . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 418 The Apollinarian Heresy, a.d. 362-381. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 420 The Nestorian Controversy, a.d. 428-431. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 424 The Ecumenical Council of Ephesus, a.d. 431. The Compromise. . . . . p. 429 The Nestorians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 433 The Eutychian Controversy. The Council of Robbers, a.d. 449. . . . . . p. 435 The Ecumenical Council of Chalcedon, A.D. 451. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 439 The Orthodox Christology--Analysis and Criticism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 444 The Monophysite Controversies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 452 The Three, Chapters, and the Fifth Ecumenical Council, A.D. 553. . . . . p. 455 The Monophysite Sects: Jacobites, Copts, Abyssinians, Armenians, Maronites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 458 Character of the Pelagian Controversy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 464 External History of the Pelagian Controversy, A.D. 411-431. . . . . . . . p. 468 The Pelagian Controversy in Palestine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 470 Position of the Roman Church. Condemnation of Pelagianism. . . . . . p. 472 The Pelagian System: Primitive State and Freedom of Man; the Fall. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 475 The Pelagian System Continued: Doctrine, of Human Ability and Divine Grace. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 479 The Augustinian System: The Primitive State of Man, and Free Will. . . p. 483 The Augustinian System: The Fall and its Consequences. . . . . . . . . p. 487 The Augustinian System: Original Sin, and the Origin of the Human Soul. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 490 Arguments for the Doctrine of Original Sin and Hereditary Guilt. . . . . p. 493 Answers to Pelagian Objections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 495 Augustine's Doctrine of Redeeming Grace. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 499 The Doctrine of Predestination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 503 Semi-Pelagianism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 506 Victory of Semi-Augustinianism. Council of Orange, A.D. 529. . . . . . . p. 512 Church Fathers, and Theological Literature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 515 vii History of the Christian Church, Volume III: Nicene and Philip Schaff Post-Nicene Christianity. A.D. 311-600. Eusebius of Caesarea. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 515 The Church Historians after Eusebius. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 520 Athanasius the Great. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 523 Basil the Great. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 528 Gregory of Nyssa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 533 Gregory Nazianzen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 536 Didymus of Alexandria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 544 Cyril of Jerusalem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 545 Epiphanius. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 547 John Chrysostom. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 551 Cyril of Alexandria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 557 Ephraem the Syrian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 561 Lactantius. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 564 Hilary of Poitiers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 566 Ambrose. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 568 Jerome as a Divine and Scholar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 571 The Works of Jerome. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 574 Augustine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 583 The Works of Augustine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 592 The Influence of Augustine upon Posterity and his Relation to Catholicism and Protestantism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 599 Appendix to the Revised Edition, 1884. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 607 Addenda Et Corrigenda. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 607 Addenda to the Fifth Edition. 1893. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 616 Appendix to the Revised Edition, 1884. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 617 Addenda Et Corrigenda. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 617 Indexes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 619 Subject Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 619 Index of Scripture References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 620 Index of Names. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 623 Greek Words and Phrases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 624 Hebrew Words and Phrases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 649 German Words and Phrases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 650 French Words and Phrases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 652 viii History of the Christian Church, Volume III: Nicene and Philip Schaff Post-Nicene Christianity. A.D. 311-600. HISTORY of the CHRISTIAN CHURCH1 by PHILIP SCHAFF Christianus sum.        Christiani nihil a me alienum puto VOLUME III NICENE AND POST-NICENE CHRISTIANITY From Constantine the Great to Gregory the Great a.d. 311–600. This is a reproduction of the Fifth Edition, Revised 1 Schaff, Philip, History of the Christian Church, (Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research Systems, Inc.) 1997. The material has been carefully compared and corrected according to the Eerdmans reproduction of the 1910 edition by Charles Scribner’s sons, with emendations by The Electronic Bible Society, Dallas, TX, 1998. History of the Christian Church, Volume III: Nicene and Philip Schaff Post-Nicene Christianity. A.D. 311-600. PREFACE TO THE THIRD REVISION This third volume covers the eventful period of Christian emperors, patriarchs, and ecumenical Councils, from Constantine the Great to Gregory the Great. It completes the History of Ancient Christianity, which is the common inheritance of Greek, Latin, and Evangelical Christendom. The first edition was published in 1867, and has not undergone any important changes. But in the revision of 1884 the more recent literature was added in an Appendix. In this edition the Appendix has been revised and enriched with the latest literature. A few changes have also been made in the text to conform it to the present state of research (e.g., pp. 29, 353, 688, 689). The Author. New York, July, 1889. 2

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9. Downfall of Heathenism and Victory of Christianity in the Roman. Empire. Constantine The Great. a.d. 306-337. The Sons of Constantine.
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