Table Of Content

History of the Aircraft Control and Warning System in Alaska: Air Defense of Arctic Skies Prepared for the United States Air Force, Pacific Air Forces, Eleventh Air Force, 611th Air Support Group Joint Base Elmendorf Richardson, Alaska By Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois (2002) Edited/Updated By Center for Environmental Management of Military Lands, Fort Collins, Colorado (2013) Cover: Campion Aircraft Control and Warning Installation (1961). Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ....................................................................................................... i ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS .............................................................................. v PREFACE .............................................................................................................................. ix 1.0 HISTORIC CONTEXT .......................................................................................... 1 1.1 Global Events and National Strategic Context ....................................................... 1 1.2 Alaska State Context ............................................................................................... 6 1.2.1 Military Buildup in Alaska ..................................................................................... 6 1.2.2 Economic Effects of the Military Buildup in Alaska .............................................. 10 1.2.3 Social Effects of the Military Buildup in Alaska .................................................... 11 2.0 AIRCRAFT CONTROL AND WARNING SYSTEM HISTORY ........................ 13 2.1 Aircraft Control and Warning System: 1951 to 1965 ............................................. 13 2.1.1 Conception and Planning ........................................................................................ 13 2.1.2 Construction ............................................................................................................ 15 2.1.3 Design Issues .......................................................................................................... 18 2.1.4 Radar Equipment and Upgrades ............................................................................. 20 2.1.5 Operational Challenges ........................................................................................... 21 2.1.6 Other Alaskan Radar Developments ....................................................................... 23 2.1.7 Integration with Forward Operation Bases ............................................................. 25 2.1.8 Communication ....................................................................................................... 26 2.2 Aircraft Control and Warning System: 1965 to Present ......................................... 28 3.0 INDIVIDUAL AIRCRAFT CONTROL AND WARNING SYSTEM SITES ...... 31 3.1 Murphy Dome ......................................................................................................... 32 3.2 Fire Island ............................................................................................................... 34 3.3 King Salmon ........................................................................................................... 35 3.4 Tatalina ................................................................................................................... 39 3.5 Campion .................................................................................................................. 41 3.6 Cape Lisburne ......................................................................................................... 43 3.7 Cape Romanzof ....................................................................................................... 47 3.8 Tin City ................................................................................................................... 49 3.9 Northeast Cape ........................................................................................................ 51 3.10 Cape Newenham ..................................................................................................... 53 3.11 Indian Mountain ...................................................................................................... 56 3.12 Sparrevohn .............................................................................................................. 59 3.13 Kotzebue ................................................................................................................. 63 3.14 Ohlson Mountain .................................................................................................... 65 3.15 Fort Yukon .............................................................................................................. 67 3.16 Middleton Island ..................................................................................................... 70 i History of the Aircraft Control and Warning System 3.17 Unalakleet ............................................................................................................... 71 3.18 Bethel ...................................................................................................................... 72 4.0 AIRCRAFT CONTROL AND WARNING SYSTEM REMBRANCES .............. 73 4.1 Geographic Influences ............................................................................................ 73 4.2 Weather ................................................................................................................... 75 4.3 Wildlife ................................................................................................................... 78 4.4 Local People............................................................................................................ 79 4.5 Health Issues ........................................................................................................... 80 4.6 Buildings ................................................................................................................. 81 4.7 Construction ............................................................................................................ 82 4.8 Electronic Equipment.............................................................................................. 83 4.9 Support Facilities .................................................................................................... 84 4.10 Transportation ......................................................................................................... 85 4.11 Supplies/Requisition ............................................................................................... 86 4.12 Lifestyles ................................................................................................................. 87 4.12.1 Daily Activities ....................................................................................................... 87 4.12.2 Dining Hall and Food.............................................................................................. 88 4.12.3 Recreational Amenities ........................................................................................... 89 4.12.4 Morale ..................................................................................................................... 91 4.12.5 Memorable Experiences.......................................................................................... 92 4.13 Mission Operations ................................................................................................. 94 5.0 NATIONAL REGISTER ELIGIBILITY ............................................................... 95 6.0 REFERENCES ....................................................................................................... 97 APPENDIX A: RADAR HISTORY .................................................................................... 107 A.1 Radar Concepts ....................................................................................................... 107 A2 Historic Development ............................................................................................. 108 A.3 Radar Development During World War II ............................................................. 110 A.4 Post World War II Radar Development .................................................................. 111 A.5 Radar Components .................................................................................................. 112 A.6 Types of Radar Systems.......................................................................................... 114 A.6.1 Simple-Pulse Radar ................................................................................................. 114 A.6.2 Moving-Target Indication Radar ............................................................................ 115 A.6.3 Airborne Moving-Target Indication Radar ............................................................. 115 A.6.4 Pulse Doppler Radar ............................................................................................... 115 A.6.5 High-Range Resolution Radar ................................................................................ 115 A.6.6 Pulse-Compression Radar ....................................................................................... 115 A.6.7 Synthetic Aperture Radar ........................................................................................ 116 A.6.8 Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar ........................................................................... 116 A.6.9 Side-Looking Airborne Radar................................................................................. 116 A.6.10 Imaging Radar ......................................................................................................... 116 A.6.11 Tracking Radar........................................................................................................ 116 A.6.12 Track-While-Scan Radar ........................................................................................ 116 ii Table of Contents A.6.13 Three Dimensional Radar ....................................................................................... 116 A.6.14 Electronically Scanned Phased-Array Radar .......................................................... 117 A.6.15 Continuous-Wave Radar ........................................................................................ 117 A.6.16 Frequency-Modulated Continuous Wave Radar ..................................................... 117 A.7 Radar Performance.................................................................................................. 117 A.8 Comparison of Civil and Military Requirements for Radar ................................... 119 A.9 Evolution of Aircraft Control and Warning Systems ............................................. 121 A.9.1 Temporary System Radars (pre-Permanent System) .............................................. 121 A.9.2 Permanent System Radars....................................................................................... 123 A.10 References ............................................................................................................... 124 APPENDIX B: SURVEY PARTICIPANT BIOGRAPHIES .............................................. 125 iii History of the Aircraft Control and Warning System This Page Intentionally Left Blank iv Acronyms and Abbreviations ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS The following is a list of the acronyms and abbreviations used in this document. AAA antiaircraft artillery AAB Army Air Base AAC Alaska Air Command AB Air Base ABM Anti-Ballistic Missile ACHP Advisory Council on Historic Preservation ACWG Aircraft Control and Warning Group ACWS Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron AC&W Aircraft Control and Warning ADC Air Defense Command ADCC air defense control centers ADT automatic detection and tracking AF Air Force AFB Air Force Base ALASCOM RCA, Alaska Communications, Inc. ALCOM Alaskan Command ALSEAFRON Alaskan Sea Frontier AN Army-Navy ANG Air National Guard ANR Alaskan NORAD Region ARS Alaska Radar System AS Air Station ASG Air Support Group AWACS airborne warning and control system BMEWS Ballistic Missile Early Warning System BOMARC Boeing-Michigan Aeronautical Research Center CC Commander-in-Chief CEMML Center for Environmental Management of Military Lands CES Civil Engineer Squadron CINCAL Commander-in-chief, Alaskan Command CRT cathode-ray tube CW continuous-wave DEW Distant Early Warning EW Early Warning EWS Early Warning System FAA Federal Aviation Administration v History of the Aircraft Control and Warning System FD frequency diversity FM-CW frequency-modulated - continuous-wave FOB forward operating base GCI ground-controlled interception GE General Electric GOC Ground Observers Corps HABS Historic American Buildings Survey HF high frequency HO History Office ICBM intercontinental ballistic missile ISAR inverse synthetic aperture radar JBER Joint Base Elmendorf Richardson JCS Joint Chiefs of Staff JSS Joint Surveillance System LF low frequency LRRS long range radar site Lt. lieutenant MAD mutual assured destruction MAR minimally attended radar MARS Military Affiliate Radio System MHz megahertz MIT Massachusetts Institute of Technology mm millimeter MOA Memorandum of Agreement mph mile per hour MTI moving-target indication NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NCO noncommissioned officer NORAD North American Air Defense Command NPS National Park Service NRHP National Register of Historic Places NRL Naval Research Laboratory NSC National Security Council OTH over-the-horizon POL petroleum, oil, and lubricant PPI plan position indicator PRF pulse repetition frequency vi Acronyms and Abbreviations PX post exchange Radar radio detection and ranging RCA Radio Corporation of America RHI range-height indicator ROCC Regional Operations Control Center s second(s) µs microsecond(s) SAGE semi-automated ground environment SALT Strategic Arms Limitation Talks SAR synthetic aperture radar SCR Signal Corps Radar Sgt. Sergeant SHPO State Historic Preservation Office SLAR side-looking airborne radar SLBM submarine-launched ballistic missile SPASUR Space Surveillance SRRS short range radar site SSgt. Staff Sergeant STC sensitivity time control TACAN Tactical Air Control and Navigation TCG Tactical Control Group TWC Tactical Contact Wing TU-4 Tupolev-4 UHF ultra-high frequency US United States USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Soviet Union) USAF United States Air Force USARAL United States Army, Alaska USO United Service Organizations VHF very-high frequency WACS White Alice Communications System vii History of the Aircraft Control and Warning System This Page Intentionally Left Blank viii

Description:
west across the Alaska Peninsula and the Aleutian Islands and east across southern. Greenland Called “The Rock,” the island's surface consists of permafrost covered by tundra or bare rock. power of the radar's transmitter and the physical size of its antenna (i.e., power-aperture product).
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History of the Aircraft Control and Warning System in Alaska: Air Defense of Arctic Skies Prepared for the United States Air Force, Pacific Air Forces, Eleventh Air Force, 611th Air Support Group Joint Base Elmendorf Richardson, Alaska By Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois (2002) Edited/Updated By Center for Environmental Management of Military Lands, Fort Collins, Colorado (2013) Cover: Campion Aircraft Control and Warning Installation (1961). Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ....................................................................................................... i ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS .............................................................................. v PREFACE .............................................................................................................................. ix 1.0 HISTORIC CONTEXT .......................................................................................... 1 1.1 Global Events and National Strategic Context ....................................................... 1 1.2 Alaska State Context ............................................................................................... 6 1.2.1 Military Buildup in Alaska ..................................................................................... 6 1.2.2 Economic Effects of the Military Buildup in Alaska .............................................. 10 1.2.3 Social Effects of the Military Buildup in Alaska .................................................... 11 2.0 AIRCRAFT CONTROL AND WARNING SYSTEM HISTORY ........................ 13 2.1 Aircraft Control and Warning System: 1951 to 1965 ............................................. 13 2.1.1 Conception and Planning ........................................................................................ 13 2.1.2 Construction ............................................................................................................ 15 2.1.3 Design Issues .......................................................................................................... 18 2.1.4 Radar Equipment and Upgrades ............................................................................. 20 2.1.5 Operational Challenges ........................................................................................... 21 2.1.6 Other Alaskan Radar Developments ....................................................................... 23 2.1.7 Integration with Forward Operation Bases ............................................................. 25 2.1.8 Communication ....................................................................................................... 26 2.2 Aircraft Control and Warning System: 1965 to Present ......................................... 28 3.0 INDIVIDUAL AIRCRAFT CONTROL AND WARNING SYSTEM SITES ...... 31 3.1 Murphy Dome ......................................................................................................... 32 3.2 Fire Island ............................................................................................................... 34 3.3 King Salmon ........................................................................................................... 35 3.4 Tatalina ................................................................................................................... 39 3.5 Campion .................................................................................................................. 41 3.6 Cape Lisburne ......................................................................................................... 43 3.7 Cape Romanzof ....................................................................................................... 47 3.8 Tin City ................................................................................................................... 49 3.9 Northeast Cape ........................................................................................................ 51 3.10 Cape Newenham ..................................................................................................... 53 3.11 Indian Mountain ...................................................................................................... 56 3.12 Sparrevohn .............................................................................................................. 59 3.13 Kotzebue ................................................................................................................. 63 3.14 Ohlson Mountain .................................................................................................... 65 3.15 Fort Yukon .............................................................................................................. 67 3.16 Middleton Island ..................................................................................................... 70 i History of the Aircraft Control and Warning System 3.17 Unalakleet ............................................................................................................... 71 3.18 Bethel ...................................................................................................................... 72 4.0 AIRCRAFT CONTROL AND WARNING SYSTEM REMBRANCES .............. 73 4.1 Geographic Influences ............................................................................................ 73 4.2 Weather ................................................................................................................... 75 4.3 Wildlife ................................................................................................................... 78 4.4 Local People............................................................................................................ 79 4.5 Health Issues ........................................................................................................... 80 4.6 Buildings ................................................................................................................. 81 4.7 Construction ............................................................................................................ 82 4.8 Electronic Equipment.............................................................................................. 83 4.9 Support Facilities .................................................................................................... 84 4.10 Transportation ......................................................................................................... 85 4.11 Supplies/Requisition ............................................................................................... 86 4.12 Lifestyles ................................................................................................................. 87 4.12.1 Daily Activities ....................................................................................................... 87 4.12.2 Dining Hall and Food.............................................................................................. 88 4.12.3 Recreational Amenities ........................................................................................... 89 4.12.4 Morale ..................................................................................................................... 91 4.12.5 Memorable Experiences.......................................................................................... 92 4.13 Mission Operations ................................................................................................. 94 5.0 NATIONAL REGISTER ELIGIBILITY ............................................................... 95 6.0 REFERENCES ....................................................................................................... 97 APPENDIX A: RADAR HISTORY .................................................................................... 107 A.1 Radar Concepts ....................................................................................................... 107 A2 Historic Development ............................................................................................. 108 A.3 Radar Development During World War II ............................................................. 110 A.4 Post World War II Radar Development .................................................................. 111 A.5 Radar Components .................................................................................................. 112 A.6 Types of Radar Systems.......................................................................................... 114 A.6.1 Simple-Pulse Radar ................................................................................................. 114 A.6.2 Moving-Target Indication Radar ............................................................................ 115 A.6.3 Airborne Moving-Target Indication Radar ............................................................. 115 A.6.4 Pulse Doppler Radar ............................................................................................... 115 A.6.5 High-Range Resolution Radar ................................................................................ 115 A.6.6 Pulse-Compression Radar ....................................................................................... 115 A.6.7 Synthetic Aperture Radar ........................................................................................ 116 A.6.8 Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar ........................................................................... 116 A.6.9 Side-Looking Airborne Radar................................................................................. 116 A.6.10 Imaging Radar ......................................................................................................... 116 A.6.11 Tracking Radar........................................................................................................ 116 A.6.12 Track-While-Scan Radar ........................................................................................ 116 ii Table of Contents A.6.13 Three Dimensional Radar ....................................................................................... 116 A.6.14 Electronically Scanned Phased-Array Radar .......................................................... 117 A.6.15 Continuous-Wave Radar ........................................................................................ 117 A.6.16 Frequency-Modulated Continuous Wave Radar ..................................................... 117 A.7 Radar Performance.................................................................................................. 117 A.8 Comparison of Civil and Military Requirements for Radar ................................... 119 A.9 Evolution of Aircraft Control and Warning Systems ............................................. 121 A.9.1 Temporary System Radars (pre-Permanent System) .............................................. 121 A.9.2 Permanent System Radars....................................................................................... 123 A.10 References ............................................................................................................... 124 APPENDIX B: SURVEY PARTICIPANT BIOGRAPHIES .............................................. 125 iii History of the Aircraft Control and Warning System This Page Intentionally Left Blank iv Acronyms and Abbreviations ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS The following is a list of the acronyms and abbreviations used in this document. AAA antiaircraft artillery AAB Army Air Base AAC Alaska Air Command AB Air Base ABM Anti-Ballistic Missile ACHP Advisory Council on Historic Preservation ACWG Aircraft Control and Warning Group ACWS Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron AC&W Aircraft Control and Warning ADC Air Defense Command ADCC air defense control centers ADT automatic detection and tracking AF Air Force AFB Air Force Base ALASCOM RCA, Alaska Communications, Inc. ALCOM Alaskan Command ALSEAFRON Alaskan Sea Frontier AN Army-Navy ANG Air National Guard ANR Alaskan NORAD Region ARS Alaska Radar System AS Air Station ASG Air Support Group AWACS airborne warning and control system BMEWS Ballistic Missile Early Warning System BOMARC Boeing-Michigan Aeronautical Research Center CC Commander-in-Chief CEMML Center for Environmental Management of Military Lands CES Civil Engineer Squadron CINCAL Commander-in-chief, Alaskan Command CRT cathode-ray tube CW continuous-wave DEW Distant Early Warning EW Early Warning EWS Early Warning System FAA Federal Aviation Administration v History of the Aircraft Control and Warning System FD frequency diversity FM-CW frequency-modulated - continuous-wave FOB forward operating base GCI ground-controlled interception GE General Electric GOC Ground Observers Corps HABS Historic American Buildings Survey HF high frequency HO History Office ICBM intercontinental ballistic missile ISAR inverse synthetic aperture radar JBER Joint Base Elmendorf Richardson JCS Joint Chiefs of Staff JSS Joint Surveillance System LF low frequency LRRS long range radar site Lt. lieutenant MAD mutual assured destruction MAR minimally attended radar MARS Military Affiliate Radio System MHz megahertz MIT Massachusetts Institute of Technology mm millimeter MOA Memorandum of Agreement mph mile per hour MTI moving-target indication NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NCO noncommissioned officer NORAD North American Air Defense Command NPS National Park Service NRHP National Register of Historic Places NRL Naval Research Laboratory NSC National Security Council OTH over-the-horizon POL petroleum, oil, and lubricant PPI plan position indicator PRF pulse repetition frequency vi Acronyms and Abbreviations PX post exchange Radar radio detection and ranging RCA Radio Corporation of America RHI range-height indicator ROCC Regional Operations Control Center s second(s) µs microsecond(s) SAGE semi-automated ground environment SALT Strategic Arms Limitation Talks SAR synthetic aperture radar SCR Signal Corps Radar Sgt. Sergeant SHPO State Historic Preservation Office SLAR side-looking airborne radar SLBM submarine-launched ballistic missile SPASUR Space Surveillance SRRS short range radar site SSgt. Staff Sergeant STC sensitivity time control TACAN Tactical Air Control and Navigation TCG Tactical Control Group TWC Tactical Contact Wing TU-4 Tupolev-4 UHF ultra-high frequency US United States USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Soviet Union) USAF United States Air Force USARAL United States Army, Alaska USO United Service Organizations VHF very-high frequency WACS White Alice Communications System vii History of the Aircraft Control and Warning System This Page Intentionally Left Blank viii

Description:
west across the Alaska Peninsula and the Aleutian Islands and east across southern. Greenland Called “The Rock,” the island's surface consists of permafrost covered by tundra or bare rock. power of the radar's transmitter and the physical size of its antenna (i.e., power-aperture product).
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