History of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology: With an Epilogue on Psychiatry and the Mind-Body Relation

883 Pages·2008·3.76 MB·English

by  Edwin R. Wallace IV (auth.)

History of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology
History of Psychiatry and
Medical Psychology
With an Epilogue on Psychiatry and the
Mind-Body Relation
Edited by
Edwin R. Wallace, IV, MA, MD, MACPsych
University of South Carolina
Columbia, SC
and
John Gach
Randallstown, MD
Edwin R. Wallace, IV John Gach
University of South Carolina Randallstown, MD, USA
Columbia, SC, USA
Library of Congress Control Number: 2006929450
ISBN-13: 978-0-387-34707-3 e-ISBN-13: 978-0-387-34708-0
© 2008 Springer Science(cid:2)Business Media, LLC
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In Memoriam to Three Master Psychiatrists and
Historians of Their Discipline
Stanley Jackson, M.D. (1921–2000)
Professor Emeritus of Psychiatry and History, and the
History of Medicine, Yale University
George Mora, M.D. (1923–2006)
Medical Director, Astor Home for Children,
Rhinebeck, NY
Herbert Weiner, M.D., Dr. med (hon.) (1921–2002)
Professor Emeritus UCLA Neuropsychiatric Institute
Contents
Acknowledgments xi
Preface xiii
Introduction: Synopsis and Overview xix
Contributors xlv
Section One:Prolegomenon
Chapter 1. Historiography: Philosophy and Methodology of History, with Special
Emphasis on Medicine and Psychiatry; and an Appendix on
“Historiography” as the History of History 3
Edwin R. Wallace, IV
Chapter 2. Contextualizing the History of Psychiatry/Psychology and Psychoanalysis:
Annotated Bibliography and Essays: Addenda A–F 117
Edwin R. Wallace, IV
Section Two:Periods
Proto-Psychiatry
Chapter 3. Mind and Madness in Classical Antiquity 175
Bennett Simon
Chapter 4. Mental Disturbances, Unusual Mental States, and Their Interpretation
during the Middle Ages 199
George Mora
Chapter 5. Renaissance Conceptions and Treatments of Madness 227
George Mora
Chapter 6. The Madman in the Light of Reason. Enlightenment Psychiatry:
Part I. Custody, Therapy, Theory and the Need for Reform 255
Dora B. Weiner
The Growth of Psychiatry as a Medical Specialty
Chapter 7. The Madman in the Light of Reason. Enlightenment Psychiatry:
Part II. Alienists, Treatises, and the Psychologic Approach in the Era of Pinel 281
Dora B. Weiner
Chapter 8. Philippe Pinel in the Twenty-First Century: The Myth and the Message 305
Dora B. Weiner
Chapter 9. German Romantic Psychiatry: Part I. Earlier, Including
More-Psychological Orientations 313
Otto M. Marx
vii
viii Contents
Chapter 10. German Romantic Psychiatry: Part II. Later, Including
More-Somatic Orientations 335
Otto M. Marx
Chapter 11. Descriptive Psychiatry and Psychiatric Nosology during the
Nineteenth Century 353
German Berrios
Chapter 12. Biological Psychiatry in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries 381
John Gach
Chapter 13. The Intersection of Psychopharmacology and Psychiatry in the
Second Half of the Twentieth Century 419
David Healy
Section Three:Concepts and Topics
Concepts
Chapter 14. A History of Melancholia and Depression 443
Stanley W. Jackson
Chapter 15. Constructing Schizophrenia as a Category of Mental Illness 461
Sander L. Gilman
Chapter 16. The Concept of Psychosomatic Medicine 485
Herbert Weiner
Topics
Chapter 17. Neurology’s Influence on American Psychiatry: 1865–1915 519
Edward M. Brown
Chapter 18. The Transformation of American Psychiatry: From
Institution to Community, 1800–2000 533
Gerald N. Grob
Chapter 19. The Transition to Secular Psychotherapy: Hypnosis and the
Alternate-Consciousness Paradigm 555
Adam Crabtree
Chapter 20. Psychoanalysis in Central Europe: The Interplay of
Psychoanalysis and Culture 587
Hannah S. Decker
Chapter 21. The Psychoanalytic Movement in the United States, 1906–1991 629
Sanford Gifford
Chapter 22. The Development of Clinical Psychology, Social Work, and
Psychiatric Nursing: 1900–1980s 657
Nancy Tomes
Epilogue:Psychiatry and the Mind-Body Relation
Chapter 23. Thoughts Toward a Critique of Biological Psychiatry 685
John Gach
Contents ix
Chapter 24. Two “Mind”-“Body” Models for a Holistic Psychiatry 695
Edwin R. Wallace, IV
Chapter 25. Freud on “Mind”-“Body” I: The Psychoneurobiological and “Instinctualist”
Stance; with Implications for Chapter 24, and Two Postscripts 725
Edwin R. Wallace, IV
Chapter 26. Freud on “Mind”-“Body” II: Drive, Motivation, Meaning, History, and
Freud’s Psychological Heuristic; with Clinical and Everyday Examples 757
Edwin R. Wallace, IV
Chapter 27. Psychosomatic Medicine and the Mind-Body Relation: Historical, Philosophical,
Scientific, and Clinical Perspectives 781
Herbert Weiner
Glossary 835
Index 837
Acknowledgments
We give special thanks to the helpful staff at Springer: Janice Stern, Emma Holmgren, and Joseph Quatela.
Dr. Wallace gives special kudos to his long-time University of South Carolina administrative associate,
Freda Rene McCray, who patiently went through many drafts of his five chapters, as well as those of the
introductory material.
“Ned” Wallace is grateful to Charles L. Bryan, M.D., Professor (and former Chairman) of Internal
Medicine, and Director of the Center for Bioethics and Medical Humanities, at the University of South
Carolina, for protecting his time during the later phases of a very lengthy process. Professor Bryan is an
Osler scholar, who published a much-touted book on his subject, as well as other monographs and articles
on the history of medicine. Ned is also indebted to Center colleague George Khushf, Ph.D., noted bioethi-
cist and philosopher of medicine, for countless têtes-à-têteson historical and philosophical/ethical issues;
and to Everett C. Simmons, M.D., for many conversations about psychoanalysis and psychiatric diagnosis
generally. Likewise to Wallace’s former U.S.C. doctoral student, James Elkins, Ph.D., for lengthy conver-
sations on paleoanthropology and its history.
Mr. Gach is especially grateful to his daughter, Reetta Gach, for handling much of the antiquarian book
business during his immersion in this project. Indeed, she has become an expert in the history of notable
psychiatric books and articles herself. We also acknowledge Vidhya Jayaprakash, of Newgen Publishing
and Data Services (Thiruvanmiyur, India), for her skilled supervision of the various stages in the printing
of this book.
As always Dr. Wallace acknowledges the seminal role of his teachers and mentors: Philip Rieff, Ph.D.,
University Professor Emeritus and Benjamin Franklin Professor Emeritus of Sociology (University of
Pennsylvania); George E. Gross, M.D., former President of the New York Psychoanalytic Institute and
Society, and its long-time Medical Director; Charles S. Still, M.D., Professor Emeritus of Behavioral
Neurology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine; and the late Professor Lloyd Stevenson,
M.D., Ph.D., Director of the Hopkins Institute for the History of Medicine. Last but hardly least, we thank
our wives, Neeta Shah Wallace, M.L.S., and Betty Gach, for their patience, love, and support during the
hectic final years of this project.
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Preface
Most of the prefatory issues are extensively elaborated upon in the Prolegomenon, which also contains the
complete references to the texts and authors discussed below.
Nevertheless, the “Preface” would be grossly incomplete without touching on some of these issues,
books, and scholars. Too, many of this book’s chapters (e.g., Mora’s, Marx’s, D. B. Weiner’s) examine and
“reference” important earlier, as well as contemporary, general histories of psychiatry and specialized
monographs; in German, French, Italian, and Spanish. Also, in his 1968 Short History of Psychiatry, dis-
cussed below, Ackerknecht (pp. xi–xii) references important nineteenth and earlier-twentieth century
psychiatric histories in English, French, and German. Such citations will of course not be repeated here.
Finally, thanks to several publishers’re-editions of dozens of classical psychiatric texts; one can consult
their bibliographies as well. See “Prolegomenon” for references to these splendid series.
In a rough-and-ready sense, medical history began in classical Greece—for example, On Ancient
Medicine. While traditionally included in the Hippocratic corpus, this text seems more likely to have been
written by a non- or even anti-Hippocratic doctor. Moreover, the Hippocratic and other schools were
hardly as secular as we now suppose. On Epilepsy, for example, does not so much declare the prevalent
denotation of it as the “sacred disease” erroneous as it does that it is no more nor less sacred than any other
disease. Historical and archaeological studies of ancient Egyptian, Mesopotamian, Indian, Chinese, and
Greek medicines confirm that they arose first, from a common root with animism and magic; and then
from a close association with religion and the priesthood. Latter nineteenth and twentieth century cultural
anthropologists have found this to be the case in contemporary nonliterate societies as well. The first
medicine to begin secularizing was Chinese—in the immediate post-Confucian period. Moreover, a
propos Western medical historians’emphasis on the ancient Near East, Greece, and Rome, it is significant
that Indian surgery led the world for quite some time—and that Indian doctors used the rauwolfia root
(i.e., today’s antipsychotic and antihypertensive “reserpine”) to treat certain cases of madness.
Otherwise, the first medical “histories” were simple chronicles of lives of the great doctors and the
movements they founded—often in prefaces or introductions to particular treatises or textbooks. In the
history of medical psychology this was the case as well (see Marx’s chapters for nineteenth century
German examples). These nineteenth century psychiatrist/historians combed the prior medical psycholog-
ical literature for alleged “anticipators”—that is, “justifiers”—of their own particular orientations. Hence
their particular psychiatric lens colored their interpretations of earlier doctors and texts; as opposed to the
Rankian historian’s attempt to first enter into and appreciate the earlier figure’s mind-set and text in its
own right before attempting to establish the relationship between prior trends, workers, and texts to recent
and present ones. D. D. Davis, M.D., who translated Pinel’s Treatise on Insanity into English in 1806,
appended a 40-page historical “Introduction” to his translation. The “Introduction” in Esquirol’s two-
volume textbook surpasses the historiography of most of those of his predecessors; and in 1869 René
Semelaigne published what might be called the first true history of the field. The long-lived Semelaigne
would write subsequent historical books—including several biographical anthologies. In England, Daniel
Hack Tuke did a volume of admirable essays on the subject in 1882. However, as with history generally, it
was the German-speaking lands that pioneered in medical/psychiatric history. Physicians were first rigor-
ously educated in the 13-year Gymnasia: in history, philosophy and its history, literature, and in the ancient
(Greek and Latin) and several modern foreign languages—as well as of course in mathematics and natural
philosophy or science.
In the premedical part of their university curricula they studied some medical history, or pursued inten-
sive training in it throughout their medical educations—in institutes for the history of medicine such as
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