History of Original Ideas and Basic Discoveries in Particle Physics PDF
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History of Original Ideas and Basic Discoveries in Particle Physics NATO ASI Series Advanced Science Institutes Series A series presenting the results of activities sponsored by the NA TO Science Committee, which aims at the dissemination of advanced scientific and technological knowledge, with a view to strengthening links between scientific communities. The series is published by an international board of publishers in conjunction with the NATO Scientific Affairs Division A Life Sciences Plenum Publishing Corporation B Physics New York and London C Mathematical Kluwer Academic Publishers and Physical Sciences Dordrecht, Boston, and London D Behavioral and Social Sciences E Applied Sciences F Computer and Systems Sciences Springer-Verlag G Ecological Sciences Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, London, H Cell Biology Paris, Tokyo, Hong Kong, and Barcelona I Global Environmental Change PARTNERSHIP SUB-SERIES 1. Disarmament Technologies Kluwer Academic Publishers 2. Environment Springer-Verlag 3. High Technology Kluwer Academic Publishers 4. Science and Technology Policy Kluwer Academic Publishers 5. Computer Networking Kluwer Academic Publishers The Partnership Sub-Series incorporates activities undertaken in collaboration with NA TO's Cooperation Partners, the countries of the CIS and Central and Eastern Europe, in Priority Areas of concern to those countries. Recent Volumes in this Series: Volume 350-Frontiers in Particle Physics: Cargese 1994 edited by Maurice Levy, Jean lliopoulos, Raymond Gastmans, and Jean-Marc Gerard Volume 351 -Techniques and Concepts of High-Energy Physics VIII edited by Thomas Ferbel Volume 352-History of Original Ideas and Basic Discoveries in Particle Physics edited by Harvey B. Newman and Thomas Ypsilantis Series B: Physics History of Original Ideas and Basic Discoveries in Particle Physics Edited by Harvey B. Newman California Institute of Technology Pasadena, California and Thomas Ypsilantis College de France Paris, France Plenum Press New York and London Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division Proceedings of a NATO Advanced Research Workshop on the History of Original Ideas and Basic Discoveries in Particle Physics, held July 27 - August 4, 1994, in Erice, Italy NATO-PCO-DATA BASE The electronic index to the NATO ASI Series provides full bibliographical references (with keywords and/or abstracts) to about 50,000 contributions from international sCientists published in all sections of the NATO ASI Series. Access to the NATO-PCO-DATA BASE is possible in two ways: -via online FILE 128 (NATO-PCO-DATA BASE) hosted by ESRIN, Via Galileo Galilei, 1-00044 Frascati, Italy -via CD-ROM "NATO Science and Technology Disk" with user-friendly retrieval software in English, French, and German (©WTV GmbH and DATAWARE Technologies, Inc. 1989). The CD-ROM contains the AGARD Aerospace Database. The CD-ROM can be ordered through any member of the Board of Publishers or through NATO-PCO, Overijse, Belgium. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data History of orlginal ideas and baslc discoveries in partlcle physics edited by Harvey B. Newman and Thomas Ypsllantls. p. cm. -- (NATO ASI series. Series B. Physics; v. 352) "Published in cooperation with NATO SCIentific Affairs Division" Includes bibliographical references and Index. 1. Particles (Nuclear physics)--History--Congresses. 2. High temperature superconductivity--History--Congresses. 3. Particle accelerators--Hlstory--Cangresses. 4. Nuclear detectors--History -Congresses. 5. D1SCQveries in sCience--History--Congresses. I. Newman. Harvey B. II. Ypsilantls, Thomas. III. North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Scientific Affairs Division. IV. Series. QC793.1S.H57 1996 539.7'2'09--dc20 96-5248 CIP ISBN-\3: 978-1-4612-8448-2 e-ISBN-\3: 978-1-46\3-1147-8 001: 10.1007/978-1-4613-1147-8 © 1996 Plenum Press, New York Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1996 A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 233 Spring Street, New York, N. Y. 10013 10987654321 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher PREFACE The International Conference on the History of Original Ideas and Basic Discoveries, held at the "Ettore Majorana" Centre for Scientific Culture in Erice, Sicily, July 27-August 4, 1994, brought together sixty of the leading scientists including many Nobel Laureates in high energy physics, principal contributors in other fields of physics such as high Tc superconductivity, particle accelerators and detector instrumentation, and thirty-six talented younger physicists selected from candidates throughout the world. The scientific program, including 49 lectures and a discussion session on the "Status and Future Directions in High Energy Physics" was inspired by the conference theme: The key experimental discoveries and theoretical breakthroughs of the last 50 years, in particle physics and related fields, have led us to a powerful description of matter in terms of three quark and three lepton families and four fundamental interactions. The most recent generation of experiments at e+e-and proton-proton colliders, and corresponding advances in theoretical calculations, have given us remarkably precise determinations of the basic parameters of the electroweak and strong interactions. These developments, while showing the striking internal consistency of the Standard Model, have also sharpened our view of the many unanswered questions which remain for the next generation: the origin and pattern of particle masses and families, the unification of the interactions including gravity, and the relation between the laws of physics and the initial conditions of the universe. First-hand accounts by the authors of these great scientific achievements were a central part of the conference program. In the Erice tradition, the program provided ample opportunity for discussions among young physicists and some of the principal scientists who have shaped our field, with a focus on the relationship between past discoveries, current issues, and the highest priority directions for the future. The conference aims, fulfilled in a stimulating manner through the combination of many first-hand reports from the discoverers themselves, and the unique Erice atmosphere for scientific learning and discussion in an historical setting, were to: • review the origins and events surrounding the key discoveries, inventions and fundamental ideas in high energy physics, • better understand the structure of the discoveries, and their relationship to progress in basic science, • explore the relationship between past discoveries, current issues, and the highest priority directions for the next century, and • provide a primary historical record: both oral' and written. The historical review of the great theoretical and experimental achievements in high energy physics during the past decades, which was the main theme of the conference, was • Both video-and audiotapes of the proceedings and discussions have been archived. v vi Preface complemented by reviews of current topics related to many of the still-unanswered questions on the nature of the fundamental constituents and their interactions. These topics covered a wide range: from Supersymmetry, Supergravity, and Superstrings, to neutrino oscillations, to dark matter in the universe, to the nature of the vacuum. A number of "special events" both within and beyond the scope of the conference enhanced the very special atmosphere that was felt by the participants throughout this meeting. • In memory of Richard P. Feynman, one of the greatest physicists of our century, and arguably the greatest physicist of the last 50 years, Caltech funded two special scholarships to young physicists of exceptional talent and promise, following a worldwide competition. The scholarships were awarded to Christopher Tully of Princeton, citing his work on the study of electroweak interactions with the L3 experiment at CERN, and to Avi Yagil of Fermilab, citing his contributions to the discovery of the top quark. • In recognition of Feynman's unique contributions to physics, his exceptional qualities as a teacher, and his many contributions to the Erice Schools starting in the 1960s, Professor Zichichi, Director of the Erice Centre, decided to "dedicate the original most prestigious lecture building" as the Richard P. Feynman Lecture Hall. The dedication ceremony, at which the Feynman Scholarships were pre sented, was one of the conference highlights. • It was intended that this conference be held as the first in the newly dedicated Feynman Hall. During the preparation of the Hall, however, there was an extraor dinary artistic discovery: the legendary Last Supper of the San Rocco, a master piece commissioned by the Zichichi family and completed around 1500, was found beneath many layers of white paint. This event was eloquently summarized in the Speech by the Mayor of Erice which was part of the dedication ceremony, an English transcription of which appears on p. xxi. The conference therefore took place in the Magna Aula (Great Hall) dedicated to Dirac, as the Feynman Hall only became available months later, following a review and supervision of the preser vation of the Last Supper, and other artistic works found on the walls of the Hall, by representatives of the Vatican. • The conference took place at a critical time in the history of high energy physics. The Superconducting SuperCollider (SSC) project had recently been terminated in the U.S., and Europe's Large Hadron Collider (LHC) project was not yet approved (its approval by the CERN Council of Member States came five months later). A special Discussion Session, included in these proceedings, was therefore organized by Professor Herwig Schopper at the request of the Conference Direc tors, with the following themes. • International collaboration on future large-scale scientific projects. • Opportunities for future discoveries. • Maintaining the exceptional quality of scientists in our field. During the discussion one additional theme that emerged was the need to encour age, and adequately recognize, the outstanding individual contributions of young experimental physicists working in today's huge international collaborations. • The conference also was punctuated by a number of special talks of broad scientific and historical interest. Among these were the lectures by D. Goodstein on "Richard Feynman and the History of Superconductivity," and by Nina Byers on the "Contributions of Emmy Noether to Modem Physics." Preface vii • Two special articles graciously provided by Nobel Laureates who could not attend the conference have been included in the proceedings: "Electroweak Reminis cences" by S. Weinberg, and "Magnetic Monopoles, Fiber Bundles, and Gauge Fields" by C. N. Yang . • The conference took place just a few days after the Levy-Schumacher comet's encounter with Jupiter. Photographs and computer images of the encounter which I obtained from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) server over the World Wide Web from Pasadena to my office at·CERN, were shown during my introduction to the conference. The pictures, which had arrived at JPL day by day from the Hubble Space Telescope and observatories worldwide, and which were immedi ately made available over the World Wide Web, served to illustrate (I) the massive scale of Nature, dwarfing man's technologies both in size and energy, (2) the high degree of worldwide cooperation and instant communication achieved by our colleagues in astrophysics, which focused the attention of the world on science (a model which is to be emulated in other scientific fields), and (3) the global effect of "the Web," which has revolutionized communications in science and is now in the process oftransforming our daily lives. The Web is a prime example both of great individual achievement at a young age (created by Timothy Berners-Lee, then a visiting scientist at CERN), and of new modes of worldwide communication in present and future scientific collaborations. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank the members of the International Advisory and Organizing Committees who helped prepare the scientific program, and the Session Chairs and Scientific Secretaries for their indispensable aid in running the conference and recording the discus sions. I am grateful to Maria Zaini and the Erice Centre staff, and to Sylvie Bradley, Karen Fox and Erika Zynda at Caltech, for their efficient and friendly help spanning many months in the preparation of this unusual conference. Mme Zaini and the "Ettore Majorana" Centre staff are to be complimented on their impeccable hospitality and most efficient hard work throughout the conference. Mrs. Zynda is specially thanked for her great persistence and skill in preparing the Proceedings. Helen Tuck, John Elwood and Kent Bradford provided indispensable help in meticu lously reviewing the proofs of the manuscript. On behalf of Professors Zichichi, Ypsilantis and myself, I would like to thank the sponsors whose generous support made the conference possible: the California Institute of Technology, the NATO Advanced Research Workshop program, the Commission of the European Communities' Program ofEuroconferences, the Italian Ministry of Education, the Italian Ministry of University and Scientific Research, and the Sicilian Regional Govern ment. Finally, I would like to express my personal gratitude to Professor Zichichi, for the opportunity to hold this conference, and for his founding and directing the magnificent "Ettore Majorana" Centre for Scientific Culture as a unique global resource. Harvey B. Newman Geneva, Switzerland CONTRIBUTORS 1. Robert K. Adair Los Angeles, CA 90024 Department of Physics E-mail: [email protected] Yale University P.O. Box 208121 7. BIas Cabrera New Haven, CT 06520 Department of Physics E-mail: [email protected] Stanford University Stanford, CA 94305 2. Bernard Aubert E-mail: [email protected] LAPP Annecy BP 110 8. Paul C. W. Chu Chemin de Bellevue Texas Center for F-74941 Annecy-Ie-Vieux Superconductivity FRANCE University of Houston E-mail: [email protected] Houston, TX 77204-5932 3. Ulrich F. Becker 9. Richard H. Dalitz Laboratory for Nuclear Science Department of Theoretical Physics 44-120 University of Oxford MIT I Keble Road Cambridge, MA 02139 Oxford OXI 3NP E-mail: [email protected] UNITED KINGDOM E-mail: [email protected] 4. Felix H. Boehm 161-33 10. Pierre Darriulat California Institute of DG Division Technology CERN Pasadena, CA 91125 1211 Geneva 23 E-mail: [email protected] SWITZERLAND E-mail: [email protected] 5. James G. Branson University of California, San Diego 11. Dr. Savas Dimopoulos Physics Department TH Division Box 109 CERN La Jolla, CA 92037 1211 Geneva 23 E-mail: [email protected] SWITZERLAND E-mail: [email protected] 6. Nina Byers Department of Physics 12. Pierre Fayet UCLA Laboratoire de Physique Theorique 405 Hilgard Ave. Ecole Normale Superieure ix x Contributors 24 Rue Lohmond 20. Judith Goodstein F-75231 PARIS, Cedex 05 015A-74 FRANCE California Institute of E-mail: [email protected] Technology Pasadena, CA 91125 13. Paolo Franzini 21. David J. Gross Department of Physics Department of Physics Columbia University in New York City Princeton University 538 West 1201h Street P.O. Box 708 New York, NY 10027 Princeton, NJ 08544 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] 14. Jerome I. Friedman 22. Gerard 't Hooft 24-512 Institute for Theoretical Physics Laboratory for Nuclear Science P.O. Box 80 006 MIT NL-3508 TA Utrecht Cambridge, MA 02139 THE NETHERLANDS E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] 15. Murray Gell-Mann 23. Cecilia Jarlskog P.O. Box 91 Dept. of Math. Phys. Tesuque, NM 87574 LTH, Univ. of Lund E-mail: [email protected] Box 118 S-22100 LUND 16. Howard Georgi SWEDEN Lyman Lab E-mail: [email protected] Harvard University Cambridge, MA 02138 24. Daniel Moshe Kaplan E-mail: [email protected] Physics Department Northern Illinois University 17. Sheldon Glashow De Kalb, Illinois 60115 Lyman Lab E-mail: [email protected] Harvard University 25. Toichiro Kinoshita Cambridge, MA 02138 Laboratory of Nuclear Studies E-mail: [email protected] Cornell University Ithaca, New York 14853 18. Gerson Goldhaber E-mail: [email protected] Lawrence Berkeley Lab 50A-2160 26. Kenneth D. Lane University of California Department of Physics Berkeley, CA 94720 Boston University E-mail: [email protected] 590 Commonwealth Ave. Boston, MA 02215 19. David Goodstein E-mail: [email protected] 104-31 California Institute of 27. Tsung Dao Lee Technology Department of Physics Pasadena, CA 91125 Columbia University E-mail: 538 W. 120lh Street [email protected] New York, NY 10027 Contributors xi 28. Juliet Lee-Franzini 35. Aihud Pevsner Physics Department Experimental HEP Group State University of New York (SUNY) Johns Hopkins University (JHU) Stony Brook, NY 11790 Homewood Campus Charles and 34th Streets 29. R. L. Mossbauer Baltimore, MD 21218 Physik Department E15 E-mail: [email protected] Technische Universitiit Miinchen James Franck Strasse 36. Oreste Piccioni D-85748 Garching bei Munchen Physics Department Box 109 GERMANY University of California, San Diego E-mail: 9500 Gilman Avenue [email protected] La Jolla, CA 92037 30. Dimitri V. Nanopoulos 37. Frederick Reines Department of Physics 18 Perkins Court Texas A&M University Irvine, CA 92715 College Station, TX 77843-4242 E-mail: [email protected] 38. Alvaro de RlIjllla TH Division 31. Harvey B. Newman CERN 256-48 1211 Geneva 23 California Institute of SWITZERLAND Technology E-mail: [email protected] Pasadena, CA 91125 E-mail: [email protected] 39. Bernard Sadolllet Center for Particle Astrophysics 32. L. Okun 301 LeConte Hall Insititute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics (ITEP) U. C. Berkeley 714 University Ave. B. Cheremushkinskaya ulitsa 25 Berkeley, CA 94720 RU -117 259 Moskva E-mail: [email protected] RUSSIA E-mail: [email protected] 40. Nicholas P. Samios 33. Risto Orava Director's Office Research Institute Brookhaven National Laboratory for High Energy Physics (SEFT) Upton, NY 11973 P.O. Box 9 E-mail: [email protected] 00014 University of Helsinki Siltavuorenpenger 20 C 41. Herwig Schopper SF-00l70 Helsinki PPE Division FINLAND CERN E-mail: [email protected] 1211 Geneva 23 SWITZERLAND 34. Martin L. Perl E-mail: [email protected] Bin # 61 SLAC 42. John H. Schwarz 2575 Sand Hill Rd. 456-48 Cal tech Menlo Park, CA 94025 Pasadena, CA 91 125 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]
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