History of Medieval India Paper-I, Set-2.indd

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SINCE-1993
Study Material
Civil Services Main Examination
Optional Subject
Paper-I
HISTORY
PAPER-I: SET-2
HISTORY OF MEDIEVAL INDIA
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P R E F A C E
The importance of Optionals cannot be overstated in the preparation of UPSC. History is one of the
most scoring Optional with signifi cant overlapping with GS syllabus. The syllabus is vast but can be
managed by smart work. The present updated and revised module of History of Medieval India forms
an important part of History Optional Paper I and is in accordance with this spirit and the latest trends of
questions asked in UPSC Main Examination.
The latest trend signals towards more analytical approach in asking questions by the UPSC where rote
learning is of less importance and the acquaintance with the basic concepts seems to be of prime
importance. This module aims to incorporate this pattern by focusing more on the core aspects of events
related to Medieval Indian History. To increase the credibility and attractiveness of your answer, views of
various historians and debates concerning a particular event of medieval history has also been added.
The vastness of the syllabus and its monotonicity sometimes makes the reading of History boring. To
overcome this challenge, the present module incorporates number of images, tables, maps along with
point-wise description of many events so that the interest and enthusiasm of reader is maintained.
To further the readability experience, the font has been changed to make it more pleasing to the eyes.
The index has been thoroughly updated with sub-points to easily access individual topic.
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S
YLLABUS
HISTORY PAPER - I
HISTORY OF MEDIEVAL INDIA
1. Early Medieval India, 750-1200: Polity: Major political developments in northern India and the
Peninsula, origin and the rise of Rajputs; The Cholas: administration, village economy and society; “Indian
Feudalism”; Agrarian economy and urban settlements; Trade and commerce; Society: the status of the
Brahman and the new social order; Condition of women; Indian science and technology.
2. Cultural Traditions in India, 750-1200: Philosophy: Shankaracharya and Vedanta, Ramanuja and
Vishishtadvaita, Madhva and Brahma-Mimansa; Religion: Forms and features of religion, Tamil devotional
cult, growth of Bhakti, Islam and its arrival in India, Sufi sm; Literature: Literature in Sanskrit, growth of
Tamil literature, literature in the newly developing languages, Kalhan’s Rajtarangini, Alberuni’s India;
Art and Architecture: Temple architecture, sculpture, painting.
3. The Thirteenth Century: Establishment of the Delhi Sultanate: The Ghurian invasions—factors behind
Ghurian success; Economic, social and cultural consequences; Foundation of Delhi Sultanate and early
Turkish Sultans; Consolidation: The rule of Iltutmish and Balban.
4. The Fourteenth Century: “The Khilji Revolution”; Alauddin Khilji: Conquests and territorial expansion,
agrarian and economic measures; Muhammad Tughluq: Major projects, agrarian measures, bureaucracy
of Muhammad Tughluq; Firuz Tughluq: Agrarian measures, achievements in civil engineering and public
works, decline of the Sultanate, foreign contacts and Ibn Battuta’s account.
5. Society, Culture and Economy in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries: Society: composition
of rural society, ruling classes, town dwellers, women, religious classes, caste and slavery under the
Sultanate, Bhakti movement, Sufi movement; Culture: Persian literature, literature in the regional
languages of north India, literature in the languages of north India, Sultanate architecture and new
structural forms, painting, evolution of a composite culture; Economy: Agricultural production, rise of
urban economy and non-agricultural production, trade and commerce.
6. The Fifteenth and Early Sixteenth Centuries—Political Developments and Economy: Rise of
Provincial Dynasties: Bengal, Kashmir (Zainul Abedin), Gujarat, Malwa, Bahmanids; The Vijayanagra Empire;
Lodis; Mughal Empire, First phase: Babur and Humayun; The Sur Empire: Sher Shah’s administration;
Portuguese Colonial enterprise; Bhakti and Sufi Movements.
7. The Fifteenth and early Sixteenth Centuries—Society and Culture: Regional cultural specifi cities;
Literary traditions; Provincial architecture; Society, culture, literature and the arts in Vijayanagara Empire.
8. Akbar: Conquests and consolidation of the Empire; Establishment of Jagir and Mansab systems;
Rajput policy; Evolution of religious and social outlook, theory of Sulh-i-kul and religious policy; Court
patronage of art and technology.
9. Mughal Empire in the Seventeenth Century: Major administrative policies of Jahangir, Shahjahan and
Aurangzeb; The Empire and the Zamindars; Religious policies of Jahangir, Shahjahan and Aurangzeb;
Nature of the Mughal State; Late Seventeenth century crisis and the revolts; The Ahom Kingdom; Shivaji
and the early Maratha Kingdom.
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10. Economy and Society in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries: Population, agricultural production,
craft production; Towns, commerce with Europe through Dutch, English and French companies: a trade
revolution; Indian mercantile classes, banking, insurance and credit systems; Condition of peasants,
condition of women; Evolution of the Sikh community and the Khalsa Panth.
11. Culture in the Mughal Empire: Persian histories and other literature; Hindi and other religious literature;
Mughal architecture; Mughal painting; Provincial architecture and painting; Classical music; Science
and technology.
12. The Eighteenth Century: Factors for the decline of the Mughal Empire; The regional principalities:
Nizam’s Deccan, Bengal, Awadh; Maratha ascendancy under the Peshwas; The Maratha fi scal and fi nancial
system; Emergence of Afghan Power, Battle of Panipat: 1761; State of politics, culture and economy on
the eve of the British conquest.
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CONTENTS
CHAPTER-1
EARLY MEDIEVAL INDIA (750-1200) 11
l POLITY: MAJOR POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS IN NORTHERN INDIA AND THE PENINSULA
l RISE OF THE RAJPUTS
l FEUDALISM IN EARLY MEDIEVAL INDIA
l THE ARAB CONQUEST
l THE CHOLAS: ADMINISTRATION, VILLAGE ECONOMY AND SOCIETY
l THE GHAZNAVID EMPIRE
l INDIAN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

CHAPTER-2
CULTURAL TRADITIONS IN INDIA (750-1200) 48
l PHILOSOPHY
l GROWTH OF BHAKTI
l ISLAM AND ITS ARRIVAL IN INDIA
l LITERATURE
l ART AND ARCHITECTURE OF EARLY MEDIEVAL INDIA
l SUFISM

CHAPTER-3
THE 13TH CENTURY 72
l THE GHORIAN INVASIONS AND FACTORS BEHIND THE GHORIAN SUCCESS
l CAUSES OF TURKISH SUCCESS AGAINST RAJPUTS
l ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL CONSEQUENCES
l QUTUBUDDIN AIBAK
l ILTUTMISH
l BALBAN
l IQTA SYSTEM

CHAPTER-4
THE 14TH CENTURY 95
l THE KHILJI REVOLUTION
l JALALUDDIN FIRUZ KHILJI (1290-1296)
l ALAUDDIN KHILJI (1296-1316)
l MONGOL INVASIONS
l CONQUEST AND TERRITORIAL EXPANSION
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l CONCEPTION OF KINGSHIP
l LAND REVENUE
l ECONOMIC REFORMS
l MUHAMMAD TUGHLUG
l POLITICAL AND RELIGIOUS CONCEPTS OF THE SULTAN
l MUHAMMAD BIN TUGHLUQ AND HIS MAJOR PROJECTS
l CHARACTER AND ESTIMATE OF MUHAMMAD TUGHLUQ
l FIRUZ TUGHLUG
l DOMESTIC POLICY
l IRRIGATION
l PUBLIC WORKS
l RELIGIOUS POLICY
l FOREIGN POLICY
l DECLINE OF THE DELHI SULTANATE
l FOREIGN CONTACTS: IBN BATTUTA
CHAPTER-5
SOCIETY, CULTURE AND ECONOMY IN THE 13TH AND 14TH CENTURIES 147
l SOCIETY
l SUFI MOVEMENT
l SOCIAL ROLE OF THE SUFIS, THEIR ATTITUDE TOWARDS STATE, ULEMA, CONVERSIONS, SOCIETY, ECONOMY, ETC.
l LINGAYATS
l BHAKTI MOVEMENT
l LITERATURE
l INDO-ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE
l SULTANATE ARCHITECTURE OR TURKISH ARCHITECTURE
l SULTANATE PAINTING
l TRADE AND COMMERCE
l CONDITION OF ARTISANS AND PEASANTRY
l SYSTEM OF TAXATION
l GROWTH OF URBAN CENTRES
CHAPTER-6
THE 15TH AND EARLY 16TH CENTURIES (POLITICAL HISTORY) 178
l RISE OF PROVINCIAL DYNASTIES
l THE LODIS (1451-1526 A.D.)
l THE MUGHAL EMPIRE—FIRST PHASE, BABUR AND HUMAYUN
l THE SUR EMPIRE—SHERSHAH’S ADMINISTRATION
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l THE PORTUGUESE COLONIAL ENTERPRISES
l BHAKTI AND SUFI MOVEMENT
l NATURE OF BHAKTI MOVEMENT
l IMPACT OF BHAKTI MOVEMENT
l WEAKNESS
l SUFISM IN ITS PANTHEISTIC PHASE
CHAPTER-7
THE 15TH AND EARLY 16TH CENTURIES (SOCIETY, ECONOMY AND CULTURE) 217
l REGIONAL CULTURES AND LITERATURES
l PROVINCIAL ARCHITECTURAL STYLES
l SOCIETY, CULTURE, LITERATURE AND THE ARTS IN VIJAYNAGAR EMPIRE
CHAPTER-8
AKBAR 226
l CONQUESTS AND CONSOLIDATION OF EMPIRE
l NEW CONCEPT OF MONARCHY
l ESTABLISHMENT OF JAGIRDARI AND MANSAB SYSTEMS
l RAJPUT POLICY
l EVOLUTION OF AKBAR’S RELIGIOUS AND SOCIAL OUTLOOK
l THEORY OF SULH-I-KUL AND RELIGIOUS POLICY
l COMPOSITE NOBILITY UNDER AKBAR
l ABUL FAZL, THINKER AND HISTORIAN
l COURT PATRONAGE OF ART AND TECHNOLOGY
CHAPTER-9
MUGHAL EMPIRE IN 17TH CENTURY 243
l JAHANGIR’S ACCESSION—HIS EARLY DIFFICULTIES
l THE REBELLIONS OF SHAH JAHAN AND THE COUP DE MAIN AT MAHABAT KHAN
l STATE AND RELIGION IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 17TH CENTURY
l SHAH JAHAN—CONSOLIDATION AND EXPANSION OF THE EMPIRE
l SHAH JAHAN’S RELIGIOUS POLICY
l AURANGZEB’S REIGN AND HIS RELIGIOUS POLICIES
l NATURE OF THE MUGHAL STATE
l LATE 17TH CENTURY CRISIS: REVOLTS
l EVOLUTION OF DECCAN POLICY OF MUGHAL RULERS
l AURANGZEB’S RAJPUT POLICY
l THE AHOM KINGDOM
l SHIVAJI AND THE EARLY MARATHA KINGDOM
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CHAPTER-10
ECONOMY AND SOCIETY, 16TH AND 17TH CENTURIES 283
l POPULATION OF MUGHAL INDIA
l AGRICULTURAL AND CRAFT PRODUCTION
l AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE
l TEXTILES
l MINERALS, MINING AND METALS
l ORGANISATION OF PRODUCTION
l COMPOSITION OF POPULATION (URBAN CLASSES)
l ADMINISTRATION OF THE EUROPEAN COMPANIES
l THE INDIAN RULERS AND THE EUROPEAN COMPANIES
l INDIAN MERCANTILE CLASSES—BANKING, INSURANCE AND CREDIT SYSTEMS
l COMMERCIAL PRACTICES
l EVOLUTION OF SIKH COMMUNITY
CHAPTER-11
CULTURE IN THE MUGHAL EMPIRE 323
l PERSIAN HISTORIES AND OTHER LITERATURE
l MUGHAL ARCHITECTURE
l INTERREGNUM: THE SUR ARCHITECTURE
l ARCHITECTURE UNDER AKBAR
l ARCHITECTURE UNDER JAHANGIR AND SHAH JAHAN
l BUILDINGS OF AURANGZEB
l MUGHAL PAINTING
l PROVINCIAL ARCHITECTURE AND PAINTING
l SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
l MYSTIC ECLECTICISM: DARA SIKOH
l VAISHNAV BHAKTI AND MAHARASHTRA DHARMA
CHAPTER-12
THE 18TH CENTURY 345
l FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE DECLINE OF THE MUGHAL EMPIRE
l THE REGIONAL PRINCIPALITIES
l RISE OF MARATHA ASCENDANCY UNDER THE PESHWAS
l BALAJI VISHWANATH (1713-20 A.D.)
l MARATHA ADMINISTRATION UNDER THE PESHWAS
l MARATHA FISCAL OR FINANCIAL SYSTEM
l EMERGENCE OF AFGHAN POWER
l STATE OF POLITICS, CULTURE AND ECONOMY ON EVE OF THE BRITISH CONQUEST
UPSC (MAIN) EXAMINATION, 2017 QUESTION PAPER I 377
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