History of Criminal Justice

414 Pages·2008·13.6 MB·English

by  Herbert Alan Johnson, Nancy Travis Wolfe

HISTORY
OF
CRIMINAL
JUSTICE
FOURTH EDITION
HERBERT A. JOHNSON
NANCY TRAVIS WOLFE
MARK JONES
EAST CAROLINA UNIVERSITY
History of Criminal Justice, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 1988, 1996, 2003, 2008
Matthew Bender & Company, Inc., a member of the LexisNexis Group
Newark, NJ
ISBN-10: 1-5934-5478-3
ISBN-13: 978-1-59345-478-4
Phone [phone]
Web Site www.lexisnexis.com/anderson/criminaljustice
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical
means, including information storage and retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher.
LexisNexis and the Knowledge Burst logo are trademarks of Reed Elsevier Properties, Inc.
Anderson Publishing is a registered trademark of Anderson Publishing, a member of the LexisNexis Group
Cover design by Tin Box Studio, Inc./Cincinnati, Ohio Editor Elisabeth Roszmann Ebben
Cover Image Andrea Mantegna/Bridgeman/Getty Images Acquisitions Editor Michael C. Braswell
Acknowledgments
I would like to thank Dr. Michael Braswell and Dr. Herbert Johnson for
inviting me to collaborate on this new edition. Thanks to Elisabeth (Biz)
Ebben of Lexis Nexis for her patience. Finally, I thank my wife Donna Jones
for her love and support.
iii
This page intentionally left blank
Table of Contents
Acknowledgments iii
Chapter 1
Introduction 1
Crime 3
Crime and Sin 7
The Human Sources of Crime 10
Social Factors and Crime 12
Crime, Punishment, and Ideas 16
Summary 19
Discussion Questions 19
Endnotes 20
References 20
Chapter 2
Criminal Justice in Ancient Times 21
Homicide 24
Sex Offenses 26
Theft 27
Criminal Procedure and Sanctions 29
Summary 41
Endnotes 42
References 42
Notes and Problems 43
Chapter 3
Medieval Crime and Punishment Before
the Lateran Council of 1215 45
Vengeance, Wergild, and Dooms 50
Oath and Ordeal 53
The Fourth Lateran Council (1215) 56
Summary 61
Endnotes 62
References 62
Notes and Problems 63

i History of Criminal JustiCe
Chapter 4
From the Lateran Councils to the Renaissance
(c. 1150-1550) 65
The Rise of the French Inquisitorial System 68
The English Jury System 71
The Commercial Revolution 74
Medieval Penology 78
Summary 81
Endnotes 82
References 82
Notes and Problems 83
Chapter 5
Criminal Justice and the English Constitution to 1689 85
English Constitutionalism 90
Religion, Politics, and Criminal Justice 91
The Civil War and Law Reform (1640-1660) 97
Restoration and Glorious Revolution 99
Summary 102
Endnotes 103
References 103
Notes and Problems 104
Chapter 6
Criminal Justice on the North American
Colonial Frontier (1607-1700) 105
Virginia Under Military Law 108
The Old Dominion and English Law 110
Plymouth and a New Basis for Government 112
The Special Situation in New England 115
Policing Seventeenth-Century America 121
Criminal Justice and Slavery 122
Summary 127
Endnotes 127
References 128
Notes and Problems 129
Chapter 7
The Enlightenment and Criminal Justice 131
Clarity in Law; Equality in Application 136
Procedural Guarantees 137
The Birth of Penology 141
Clarifying English Law 147
Restriction of Capital Punishment 147
table of Contents ii
Parliamentary Reform 148
Criminal Anthropologists 149
Early Criminal Statistics 150
Summary 152
Endnotes 154
References 154
Notes and Problems 155
Chapter 8
The American Revolution and Criminal Justice 157
Procedural Rights in Colonial America 163
Freedom of the Press 165
Fair Trial in Violent Times 167
Patriots, Loyalists, and Those “In Between” 169
Penology in Revolutionary America 171
The New Constitutions and Criminal Justice 175
Summary 178
Endnotes 178
References 179
Notes and Problems 179
Chapter 9
Freedom and Prisons in the Land of the Free 181
Initial Steps in Prison Reform 184
Pennsylvania versus Auburn 190
Bringing Hope to the Prisons: Maconochie and Crofton 193
Houses of Correction and Juvenile Reformatories 195
Insanity, Criminal Responsibility, and Penology 198
Summary 203
Endnotes 204
References 204
Notes and Problems 205
Chapter 10
Early Nineteenth-Century Law Enforcement 207
Nationalized Policing in France 207
From Charlie to Bobby: The London Story 213
From Bobby to Copper in New York City 220
Southern Police Methods 223
Law and Violence on the American Frontier 226
Summary 232
Endnotes 233
References 234
Notes and Problems 235
iii History of Criminal JustiCe
Chapter 11
Turning Points in Constitutionalism
and Criminal Justice (1787-1910) 237
Constitutional Issues and Criminal Law 242
Government at Flood Tide 244
Effective Police and Burgeoning National Enterprise 251
An “Open Spot” in Government: Political Corruption 257
Summary 261
Endnotes 262
References 263
Notes and Problems 264
Chapter 12
Penology and Corrections in Modern America 265
The National Prison Congress of 1870 265
The Rise and Fall of Prison Industries 268
Reformatory Prison Discipline at Elmira 272
Criminology and Prison Reform 276
Thomas Mott Osborne and Miriam Van Waters 278
Parole 280
Probation 281
Juvenile Delinquency 282
Recent Developments in American Penology 283
Summary 287
Endnotes 288
References 288
Notes and Problems 289
Chapter 13
The Rise of Criminal Justice Professionalism 291
The Due Process Revolution 294
The FBI: Paradigm and Paradox 296
State and Local Law Enforcement 305
Social Service and Public Relations 309
Scientific Criminal Investigation 310
Subculture, Police Riots, and Unionism 316
The Rodney King Episode 322
The O.J. Simpson Trial 323
Summary 327
Endnotes 328
References 328
Notes and Problems 330