History of Ancient India Upto 1000 AD

318 Pages·2012·9.85 MB·English

History of Ancient India Upto 1000 A.D
DHIS101
Edited by:
Dr. Manu Sharma
Dr. Santosh Kumar
HISTORY OF ANCIENT INDIA
Edited By
Dr Manu Sharma and Dr Santosh Kumar
Printed by
LAXMI PUBLICATIONS (P) LTD.
113, Golden House, Daryaganj,
New Delhi-110002
for
Lovely Professional University
Phagwara
DLP-7762-143-PRACHIN BHARAT KA ITIHAAS C—4706/012/02
Typeset at : Excellent Graphics, Delhi Printed at : Sares Graphics (P) Ltd., Delhi
(SYLLABUS)
(History of Ancient India)
mís';
• Ákphu Hkkjrh; lH;rk esa fla/kq vkSj oSfnd lH;rk dks le> iznku djus esaA
• Ákphu dky esa Hkkjrh; /keZ vkSj lekt esa fodkl ,oa ,sfrgkfld fodkl dks le>us esaA
• Ákphu Hkkjr esa jktuhfrd fodkl] lkezkT;okn vkSj jktdh; jktuhfr le>us esaA
• fofHkUu izfr;ksxh ijh{kkvksa esa Nk=ksa dks enn djus esaA
(Objectives)
• To provide an understanding to Ancient Indian Civilization such as Indus and Vedic.
• To understand the historical developments and changes in the Indian religion and society during
Ancient times.
• To understand the political developments, imperialism and monarchial polity of ancient India.
• To help the students to prepare for various competitive exams.

Sr. No. Topics

1. Evidences of Ancient Indian History: Literature, archaeology, Epigraphy, Numismatics,
foreign travellers account.
Physical Features: Physical features of India and their influence on the Indian history
2. The Pre-Historic Cultures: Palaeolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic, Chalcolithic.

3. Indus Valley Civilization: Extent, Chronology, Origin, Society, Religion and Causes of decline.
4. The Vedic Age: Original homelands, The Aryans, Political, Social, Religious and Economic Life,
Difference and similarities between Indus Civilization and Vedic culture.
5. The Later-Vedic Age: Political, Social, Religious and Economic Life.

6. The Mauryas: ChandraGupta, Bindusara, Ashoka (Ashoka dhamm: its nature and
propagation), Successors of Ashoka
7. The Golden period: Guptas and their successors( to c.750 A.D.):Changes in political
organization of empire, Economy and Society, Literature and Sciences, Arts.
Samuragupta 'The Indian Napoleon': Extent of the empire, battles and Administration,
Disintegration of the Gupta Empire.
8. Religious movements: Jainism and Buddhism, Vardhamana Mahavira’s and Gautama
Buddha’s contribution. Causes of decline of Jainism, Factors for the spread of Buddhism,
Stupa architecture, Buddhist customs and manners.
9. Bhagvatism, Shaivism and Brahmanism: Main Characteristics, important leaders, extent in
India.
10. State Formation and Urbanization: Urbanization, Society, political history, Mahajanapadas,
Monarchies and Republics, Administration in Monarchies,
Maps:- Important Historical places of Indus Valley Civilization, Ashoka’s
Empire, Empire of Samundragupta, Extent of Gupta’s Empire
(Units) (CONTENTS) (Page No.)
1. Ákphu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ds Lkzksr (Evidences of Ancient Indian History) 1
Manu Sharma, Lovely Professional University
Amandeep Singh, Lovely Professional University
2. ÁkxSfrgkfld dky ¼ik"kk.k dky½ [The Pre-Historic Age (Stone Age)] 20
Manu Sharma, Lovely Professional University
Amandeep Singh, Lovely Professional University
3- flU/kq ?kkVh dh lH;rk ¼3250 bZñ iwñ ls 1750 bZñ iwñ rd½ (Indus Valley Civilization) 33
Santosh Kumar, Lovely Professional University
Amandeep Singh, Lovely Professional University
4. oSfnd dky (T he Vedic Age) 60
Santosh Kumar, Lovely Professional University
Amandeep Singh, Lovely Professional University
5. mÙkjoSfnd dky (The Later-Vedic Age) 79
Manu Sharma, Lovely Professional University
Amandeep Singh, Lovely Professional University
6. ekS;Zdky % pUnzxqIr] fcUnqlkj] v’kksd (Mauryas Period : Chandragupta, Bindusara, Ashoka) 96
Manu Sharma, Lovely Professional University
Vijay Kumar, Lovely Professional University
7. v’kksd % lkekftd] vkfFkZd ,oa /kkfeZd lq/kkj (The Ashoka : Social, Economic and Religious Reforms) 143
Santosh Kumar, Lovely Professional University
Vijay Kumar, Lovely Professional University
8. xqIr lkezkT; (The Gupta’s Empire) 155
Manu Sharma, Lovely Professional University
Vijay Kumar, Lovely Professional University
9. xqIrdkyhu Hkkjr (India in Gupta’s Age) 190
Santosh Kumar, Lovely Professional University
Vijay Kumar, Lovely Professional University
10. /kkfeZd vkUnksyu (Religious Movement) 212
Manu Sharma, Lovely Professional University
Vijay Kumar, Lovely Professional University
11. tSu /keZ vkSj ckS) /keZ (Jainism and Buddhism) 218
Santosh Kumar, Lovely Professional University
Manu Sharma, Lovely Professional University
12. Hkkxorokn] ’kSookn ,oa czkã.kokn (Bhagvatism, Shaivism and Brahmanism) 251
Manu Sharma, Lovely Professional University
13. jkT;ksa dk laxBu ,oa uxjhdj.k (State Formation and Urbanization) 272
Santosh Kumar, Lovely Professional University
14. ekufp= (Maps) 307
Manu Sharma, Lovely Professional University
Ripudaman Singh, Lovely Professional University
Manu Sharma, Lovely Professional University
bdkbZ % ikzphu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ Ïksr
Amandeep Singh, Lovely Professional University —1
uksV
bdkbµZ 1: ikz phu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl oQs Ïkrs
(Evidences of Ancient Indian History)

vuØq ef.kdk (Contents)
mí's ; (Objectives)
izLrkouk (Introduction)
1.1 ikzphu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ Ïksr (Sources of Ancient Indian History)
1.2 HkkxS ksfyd ifjos'k (Geographical Setting)
1.3 Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ij Hkwxksy dk iHz kko (Effects of Physical Features on Indian History)
1.4 ikzphu tkrh;&Hkk"kk;h lewg (Ancient Ethnos-Linguistic Groups)
1.5 lkjka'k (Summary)
1.6 'kCndk's k (Keywords)
1.7 vH;kl&i'z u (Review Questions)
1.8 lUnHkZ iqLrosaQ (Further Readings)
mí's ; (Objectives)
bl vè;k; osQ vè;;u osQ i'pkr~ fo|kFkh Z ;ksX; gksaxsµ
•izkphu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ Ïksrksa dks tkuus esaA
(cid:127)Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ HkkSxksfyd ifjos'k dks le>us esaA
iLz rkouk (Introduction)
izR;sd ns'k dk bfrgkl mldh Hkkoh lUrfr osQ fy, ekxZn'kZd èkjksgj gksrk gSA vius iwoZtksa osQ egku dk;ks± ls
Hkkoh ihf<+;ka izsj.kk izkIr djrh gSaA mudh Hkwyksa dk fo'ys"k.k djosQ Hkkoh ekxZ fuèkkZfjr djrh gSa rFkk xkSjo'kkyh
bfrgkl dh iqu% ifzr"Bk dk i;z kl gksrk gAS ikzphu bfrgkl ls dVdj dksb Z lekt viuh lkaLÑfrd èkjksgj dks
u"V gksus ls ugha cpk ldrkA vr% iRz;sd lekt vius vrhr ls tqM+k jguk pkgrk g S vkjS mDr vrhr osQ vkèkkj
ij egku Hkfo"; osQ fuek.Z k dh ;kstuk cukrk gAS ;gh dkj.k g S fd lHkh ns'kksa esa ikzphu bfrgkl osQ vè;;u
ij cgqr cy fn;k tkrk gAS
tc ge ikzphu Hkkjr osQ bfrgkl osQ egÙo ij fopkj djrs gaS rc gekjs lkeus ml dky dh vusd Js"B
fo'ks"krk,a mtkxj gks tkrh gSa tks fdlh nwljs ns'k dh izkphu laLÑfr ls gesa izkIr ugha gksrhaA loZizFke] Hkkjr
lalkj dk ,dek=k ,slk ikzphu ns'k g S ftlus ekuo dks lcls igys lH; o lqlaLÑr cuk;kA ftl le; oreZ ku
lalkj osQ vR;Ur lH; o izxr ns'kksa osQ yksx taxyksa esa jgdj i'kqvksa dk lk thou O;rhr dj jgs Fks] ml le;
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 1
ikzphu Hkkjr dk bfrgkl
uukkssVV rd Hkkjr us vR;Ur mUur laLÑfr dk fodkl dj fy;k FkkA nwljs] Hkkjr gh lalkj dk ,dek=k ,slk ns'k gS
ftldh lkaLÑfrd thouèkkjk vR;Ur ikzphu dky ls fujUrj cgrh pyh vkb Z gAS lalkj osQ vusd ns'kksa esa ftu
fof'k"V ikzphu laLÑfr;ksa dk fodkl gqvk os lc dky osQ ioz kg esa foyhu gks xb± vkjS mudk vfLrRo lekIr
gks x;kA vkt os bfrgkl dh oLrq cu dj jg xb Z gaSA mnw Z osQ ifzl¼ dfo eksgEen bdcky us dgk Hkh g S fd
^;wuku] felz] jkseka lc feV x, tgka ls*] dqN ckr gS fd gLrh feVrh ugha gekjhA* vFkkZr ;wuku] felz o jkse
vkfn ns'kksa esa ftu egku izkphu laLÑfr;ksa dk fodkl gqvk os laLÑfr;ka u"V gks xb±] mudk vfLrRo lekIr gks
x;k vkSj muosQ LFkku ij ,slh ubZ laLÑfr;ka LFkkfir gks xb± ftudk izkphu laLÑfr;ksa ls dksbZ lEcUèk ugha gSA
fdUrq lalkj esa ek=k Hkkjr gh ,slk ns'k gS ftldh izkphu laLÑfr u"V ugha gqbZ vkSj og vkt Hkh vius Js"B ewY;ksa
osQ lkFk thfor gAS bdcky egksn; dk dguk g S fd Hkkjr dh gLrh o igpku u"V u gks ikus osQ ewy esa vo';
dqN Js"B rRo fo|eku gaSA bfrgkl osQ fo|kFkh Z osQ fy, bu Js"B ewY;ksa o rRoksa dk vè;;u furkUr vko';d
g S vU;Fkk Hkkjr dk Hkkjr osQ :i esa vè;;u ugha fd;k tk ldrk vkjS ;g vè;;u ikzphu Hkkjr osQ bfrgkl
ls gh lEHko gSA rhljs] ;g osQoy ikzphu Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dh gh fo'ks"krk g S fd ;g euq"; dks HkkfSrd o
vkè;kfRed nksuksa izdkj osQ lq[k nsus dh {kerk j[krh gS vFkkZr og euq"; dk lok±xh.k fodkl djus dh {kerk
j[krh gSA blh dh N=kNk;k esa Hkkjr ,d vksj ^lksus dh fpfM+;k* dgyk;k vkSj nwljs vksj bls fo'o xq: dk in
ikzIr gqvkA pkSFks] Hkkjr dh izkphu laLÑfr fo'o esa 'kkafr LFkkfir djus dh {kerk j[krh gS D;ksafd blh us lEiw.kZ
fo'o lekt dks ,d ifjokj osQ :i esa ns[kk gS vkSj Hkkjrokfl;ksa dks bl o`gn ifjokj dh lq[k&le`f¼ osQ fodkl
osQ fy, iz;kl djus dh izsj.kk nh gSA bl dkj.k ;gk¡ osQ yksxksa us fo'o osQ yksxksa dks Js"B cukus dk egku miØe
fd;kA
Lo&eYw ;kda u
(Self Assessment)
fjDr LFkkuksa dh iw£r djsa (Fill in the blanks)%
---------
1- lalkj dk ,dek=k ,slk izkphu ns'k ftlus ekuo dks lcls igys lH; o lqlaLÑr cuk;k
---------
2- ;wuku] feÏ jkseka lc feV x, tgka ls] oqQN ckr g S fd gLrh feVrh ugha gekjh] dk dFku gS
---------
3- dks bfrgkl dk firk dgk tkrk gAS
mijksDr xq.kksa ls ;qDr Hkkjr dh egku izkphu laLÑfr osQ lanHkZ esa ge izkphu Hkkjr osQ bfrgkl osQ vè;;u osQ
egÙo dk vkdyu dj ldrs gaSA bl vè;;u osQ vHkko esa Hkkjr dk fo|kFkh Z ;g tku gh ugha ldrk fd mls
fdl egku laLÑfr dh fojklr ikzIr gAS bl vè;;u ls fo|kFkh Z esa Hkkjr dh xkjS o'kkyh Js"B laLÑfr o ijEijk
osQ izfr LokfHkeku tkx`r gksxkA vaxzstksa }kjk Hkkjr osQ bfrgkl dks ;kstukiwoZd rksM+&ejksM+ dj bl izdkj j[kk x;k
gS ftlls Hkkjrh; fo|kFkhZ esa ghurk osQ Hkko mRiUu gksa vkSj mldk ikS#"k u"V gks tk,A Hkkjr osQ xkSjoiw.kZ izkphu
bfrgkl osQ vè;;u ls Hkkjrh; fo|kFkhZ esa egku dk;Z djus dh izsj.kk dh tk ldrh gS vkSj Hkkjr osQ izkphu
xkSjo dks iquZizfrf"Br djus dh vkdka{kk txkbZ tk ldrh gSA
1-1 ikzphu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl oQs Ïkrs
(The Sources of Ancient Indian History)
Hkkjr ,d izkphu ns'k gSA vusd Hkkjrh; fo}kuksa osQ vuqlkj Hkkjr dh lH;rk lalkj dh ikzphure lH;rk gAS
Hkkjrokfl;ksa us thou osQ izR;sd igyw ij fopkj fd;k vkSj ys[ku&dyk esa ikjaxr gksus osQ dkj.k mUgksaus dkO;]
n'kZu] dyk] foKku o vU; fo"k;ksa ij Js"B xzaFkksa dh jpuk dhA fons'kh fo}kuksa osQ erkuqlkj Hkh Hkkjrh; lH;rk
felz] eslksiksVkfe;k o phu vkfn izkphu lH;rkvksa osQ bfrgkl ls vfèkd izkphu gSA Hkkjr tSls izkphu lH; ns'k
esa fofHkUu fo"k;ksa osQ iz[kj fo}kuksa osQ jgrs gq, Hkh ;gk¡ dk Øec¼ izkekf.kd bfrgkl ugha fy[kk x;k] ;g
2 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
bdkbZ % ikzphu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ Ïksr
—1
uksV
lkekU;r;k vk'p;pZ fdr djus okyh ckr Kkr gksrh gAS dqN fons'kh bfrgkldkjksa us rks ;gk¡ rd dg fn;k gS
fd izkphu Hkkjrokfl;ksa esa ,sfrgkfld psruk dk vHkko FkkA blls ;g fu"d"k Z fudkyuk
(Historical Sense)
Hkh loFZ kk vuqfpr g S fd ikzphu Hkkjr esa ,sfrgkfld lkfgR; dk l`tu bl dkj.k ugha gqvk fd ml dky esa
dksbZ ,slh egÙoiw.kZ ?kVuk gh ?kfVr ugha gqbZ] ftldk o.kZu fd;k tkrkA okLro esa lR;k¡'k bl n`f"Vdks.k esa gS
fd Hkkjr osQ yksx bl dky esa jktuhfr o bfrgkl osQ ifzr mnklhu jgs gksaxs vkjS os bu fo"k;ksa dk vè;;u lekt
osQ vU; vuq'kkluksa osQ vUrxZr gh djrs FksA MkW- vkj- lh- etwenkj dk dFku g S fd ¶Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dk
,d xEHkhj nks"k bfrgkl ys[ku osQ izfr Hkkjrokfl;ksa dh foeq[krk gSA Hkkjrh;ksa us lkfgR; dh lHkh
'kk[kkvksa ls lEcUèk LFkkfir fd;k vkSj vusdkusdksa esa Js"Brk Hkh izkIr dh] fdUrq mUgksaus dHkh Hkh
xEHkhjrkiwoZd bfrgkl ys[ku dk dk;Z ugha fd;kA¸
(One of the greatest defect of Indian culture is
the aversion of Indian to writing history. They applied themselves to all conceivable branches
of literature and excelled in many of them, but they never seriously took to the writing of
bl lEcUèk esa vyc:uh dk dFku g S fd ¶fgUnw yksx ?kVukvksa osQ
history.—Dr. R.C. Majumdar)
,sfrgkfld Øe dh vksj fo'ks"k è;ku ugha nsrs gSaA¸
(The Hindus do not pay much attention to the
historical order of things.—Alberuni)
tgk¡ rd Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ Ïksrksa dk iz'u gS bZ- iw- NBh 'krkCnh ls igys osQ bfrgkl
(Sources) (600 B.C.)
dks tkuus osQ lkèku lhfer gSa ckn osQ Ïksr i;kZIr ek=kk esa fo|eku gSaA vc rd gksus okys 'kksèk iz;klksa us izkphu
Hkkjr osQ ,sfrgkfld Ïksrksa dks i;kZIr ek=kk esa [kkst fudkyk gSA bruk gksrs gq, Hkh Hkkjrh; izkphu bfrgkl dk
Øec¼ o.kZu ml izdkj lEHko ugha gS ftl izdkj lalkj osQ vU; izkphu ns'kksa esa lEHko gSA bldk eq[; dkj.k
;g g S fd Hkkjr esa ;wuku osQ gsjksMksVl ftls bfrgkl dk firk dgk tkrk gAS jkse osQ fyoh
(Herodotus),
;k rdq h Z oQs vyc:uh tlS s bfrgkl ys[kd ugha gq,A
(Livy) (Alberuni)
bfrgkl osQ izfr Hkkjrh;ksa dh mnklhurk osQ dkj.kµikzphu Hkkjr osQ lkfgR; esa Øec¼rk osQ vHkko esa
,sfrgkfld psruk osQ vHkko dks ns[kuk mfpr irz hr ugha gksrkA okLro esa bfrgkl dh Øec¼rk osQ vHkko osQ
vusd dkj.k gks ldrs gSaA uhps la{ksi esa mudk o.kZu fd;k x;k gSµ
(1) bfrgkl osQ ys[kd czkã.k FksµHkkjr esa lEiw.kZ lkfgR; osQ jpf;rk czkã.k Fks tks jktuhfr osQ izfr
mnklhu FksA mudh #fp dkO;] n'kuZ ] foKku o dyk vkfn esa vfèkd FkhA lekt dk ;g oxZ
vfèkdka'kr;k vkè;kfRed fpUru esa layXu jgrk Fkk vkSj lkekftd thou osQ ewY;ksa dh izLFkkiuk djus
esa yxk jgrk FkkA HkkSfrd thou esa budh lkèkkj.kr% v#fp FkhA bUgksaus jktkvksa o lezkVksa osQ fØ;k
dykiksa dk o.kZu djus osQ LFkku ij muosQ jkT;ksa esa clus okys lekt dk ekxZ n'kZu djus osQ fy,
fofHkUu vuq'kkluksa dk vè;;u fd;kA ;gh dkj.k g S fd mudh n`f"V ,sfrgkfld ?kVukvksa osQ Øec¼
o.kZu dh vksj ugha xbZA
(2) bfrgkldkjksa us ?kVukvksa osQ LFkku ij fopkjèkkjkvksa dks egÙo fn;kµikzphudky dh jpukvksa dk
vè;;u djus ls Li"V gksrk gS fd ml dky osQ fo}kuksa dh n`f"V esa fof'k"V fopkjèkkjkvksa dk izfriknu
vfèkd egÙoiw.kZ FkkA os lekt esa ?kfVr gksus okyh ?kVukvksa dks egÙo ugha nsrs FksA mudk fopkj Fkk
fd fofHkUu ?kVukvksa osQ ?kfVr gksus osQ ihNs tks 'kfDr dk; Z djrh g]S mldk vè;;u vko';d gAS
?kVuk,¡ Lo;a esa egÙoiw.kZ ugha gksrhaA vr% ?kVukvksa dh mis{kk osQ dkj.k Øec¼ bfrgkl dh mis{kk gks
xbZA
(3) fo}kuksa dk fo'kky n`f"Vdks.kµ;g eku ysuk fd izkphu dky esa Hkkjr osQ yksx bfrgkl osQ izfr iw.kZr%
mnklhu Fks] mfpr izrhr ugha gksrk D;ksafd fofHkUu xzUFkksa osQ vè;;u ls ml dky osQ bfrgkl dh lkexzh
geas izkI; gSA okLro esa izkphu Hkkjrh;ksa dk bfrgkl osQ izfr fo'kky n`f"Vdks.k Fkk vkSj mUgksaus mls foLr`r
Kku dk ,d vax ekukA os bfrgkl dks èkeZ] uSfrdrk] jktuhfr] vFkZ'kkL=k o lkfgR; dk vax ekurs FksA
vr% Øec¼ bfrgkl ys[ku dh vko';drk gh irz hr ugh gqbAZ
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 3
ikzphu Hkkjr dk bfrgkl
uukkssVV (4) bfrgkl ys[ku osQ izfr mnklhurkµbruk gksrs gq, Hkh izkphu Hkkjrh; fo}kuksa dh bfrgkl ys[ku osQ izfr
mnklhurk ls bUdkj ugha fd;k tk ldrkA ;|fi lalkj dh fdlh Hkh tkfr us ml idz kj bfrgkl dh
jpuk ugha fd ftl idz kj oreZ ku dky esa dh tkrh g S fiQj Hkh Hkkjrokfl;ksa dh rqyuk esa bfrgkl dks
i`Fkd 'kk[kk osQ :i esa Lohdkj djus dh izo`fÙk fonsf'k;ksa esa vfèkd fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA
1-1-1 ikzphu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl dh [kkts
(Search of Ancient Indian History)
;g lofZofnr g S fd fo"k; osQ vè;;u osQ fy, bfrgkl iw.krZ % Ïksrksa ij vkfJr gAS ;gh dkj.k g S fd fons'kh
o Hkkjrh; fo}kuksa us dfBu ifjJe o riL;k ls izkphu Hkkjr osQ bfrgkl dh fc[kjh dfM+;ksa dks tksM+us dk liQy
iz;kl fd;k gSA izkphu Hkkjr osQ bfrgkl dks tkuus osQ lzksrksa dks [kkst fudkyus dk dk;Z vaxzsth fo}kuksa osQ }kjk
izkjEHk gqvkA mUgksaus viuh #fp osQ vuqlkj mudh O;k[;k dhA ifj.kkeLo:i Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ ckjs esa vusd
HkzkfUr;k¡ mRiUu gks xb±A ckn esa] Hkkjrh; fo}kuksa us tc&tc ;g dk;Z vius gkFk esa fy;k rks vusd HkzkfUr;ksa dk
fujkdj.k lEHko gks x;k vkjS Hkkjrh; bfrgkl dks mldk mfpr LFkku ikzIr gqvkA
izkphu Hkkjr osQ bfrgkl dh [kkst dk dk;Z vBkjgoha 'krkCnh osQ mÙkjk¼Z esa izkjEHk gqvkA eSDlewyj us osnksa dk
vaxszth esa vuqokn fd;k] ftlls Hkkjrh; lH;rk dh Js"Brk lEiw.k Z ik'pkR; txr ij LFkkfir gqbAZ blosQ i'pkr
vusd vaxzst fo}kuksa us ^Hkxon~xhrk*] ^fgrksins'k* o ^'kdqUryk* tSls mRÑ"V jpuk dk vaxzsth esa vuqokn fd;kA
vBkjgoha 'krkCnh esa gh ^caxky dh ,f'k;kfVd lkslkbVh* u s ,f'k;k esa 'kksèk dk;Z ikzjEHk fd;kA blls Hkkjrh;
fo}kuksa esa Hkh Hkkjr osQ bfrgkl dh [kkst osQ izfr #fp mRiUu gqbZA 1862 esa Hkkjr esa ^Hkkjrh; iqjkrRo esa ykW
foHkkx* dh LFkkiuk gqbZA ykMZ dtZu us blls #fp fn[kkbZ vkSj izkphu Lekjdksa dh [kkst o lqj{kk osQ dk;Z dks
c<+kok feykA fons'kh o Hkkjrh; fo}kuksa osQ vFkd i;z kl ls ;g dk; Z yxkrkj pyrk tk jgk gAS 1922 esa tkWu
ek'kZy osQ usr`Ro esa gM+Iik laLÑfr dks [kkst fudkyk x;kA ;g dk;Z c<+rk gh tk jgk gSA ns'k osQ fofHkUu {ks=kksa
esa gksus okyh [kqnkbZ ls bl laLÑfr osQ fc[kjs gq, va'kksa dks tksM+us esa liQyrk fey jgh gSA
bl izdkj izkphu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ Kku dks izkIr djus esa gesa fo'ks"k dfBukbZ ugha vkrhA ;fn dksbZ dfBukbZ
g S rks osQoy mlosQ dky&Øe osQ lEcUèk esa gAS okLro esa blosQ vè;;u osQ lkzsrksa dh deh ugha gAS ;s Ïksr
yxkrkj [kkstksa osQ ifj.kkeLo:i bfrgkl dks vfèkd Li"V :i esa izdV djus esa l{ke curs tk jgs gSaA
uksV~l 1862 esa Hkkjr esa ^Hkkjrh; iqjkrRo foHkkx* dh LFkkiuk gqbZA ykMZ dtZu us blesa #fp fn[kkbZ vkSj
izkphu Lekjdksa dh [kkst o lqj{kk osQ dk;Z dks c<+kok feykA
1-1-2 ikzphu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl oQs e[q ; Ïkrs
(Main Sources of Ancient IndianHistory)
ikzphu Hkkjr osQ bfrgkl osQ vè;;u ls iwo Z mu iez q[k Ïksrksa dk vè;;u dj ysuk Hkh vko';d irz hr gksrk g]S
ftlosQ ekè;e ls ge bldk Kku ikzIr djr s gAaS bu lEi.w k Z Ïkrs k as dk s rhu Hkkxk as e as ckV¡ k tk ldrk gµS
1- iqjkrRo lEcUèkh Ïksr
(Archaeological Sources)
2- lkfgfR;d lkzrs
(Literary Sources)
3- fons'kh ;kf=k;ksa osQ o`ÙkkUr
(Accounts of Foreign Travellers)
I- iqjkrRo lEcUèkh Ïksr (Archaeological Sources)
ikzphu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ys[ku esa iqjkrRo lEcUèkh lkexhz us cM+h gh lgk;rk dh gAS okLro esa oKS kfud bfrgkl
ys[ku esa iqjkrRo lkexzh us egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnku fn;k gSA iqjkrRo Lo;a ,d LorU=k vuq'kklu cu x;k gSA tgk¡
lkfgfR;d lkexzh ekSu gS ;k vLi"V gS ogk¡ iqjkrRo lkexzh lgk;d gksrh gSA lafnXèk ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa iqjkrRo
lkexhz gh gekjh lgk;rk djrh g S vkjS bfrgkl osQ fjDr LFkyksa dh iw£r djrh gAS ;fn iqjkrÙo lkexhz gekjh
4 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
bdkbZ % ikzphu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ Ïksr
—1
lgk;rk u djrh rks ge Hkkjr osQ ikzxfSrgkfld dky osQ fo"k; esa dqN Hkh u tku ikrsA ikzphu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl uksV
osQ lanHkZ esa iqjkrRo lEcUèkh lkexzh dks pkj Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gSµ
1- [kqnkbZ ls ikzIr lkexhz 2- vfHkys[k
(Excavation) (Epigraphs or inscriptions)
3- Lekjd 4- eqnzk,¡
(Monuments) (Coins)
(1) [kqnkbZ ls izkIr lkexzhµHkkjr osQ fofHkUu {ks=kksa ij [kqnkbZ dh xbZ gS vkSj izkphu dkyhu
(Excavation)
uxjksa] Hkouksa] efUnjksa rFkk vU; vusd fdyksa vkfn osQ [k.Mgj izpqj ek=kk esa izkIr gq, gSaA buls Hkkjr osQ izkphu
bfrgkl dh egÙoiw.kZ tkudkjh izkIr gqbZ gSA gekjs bfrgkl osQ vusd èkq¡èkys i`"B Li"V gksdj lkeus vk, gSa]
frfFk;k¡ Li"V gqb Z gaS vkjS vusd fc[kjs rF;ksa dks Øec¼ fd;k tk ldk gAS eksgutksnM+ks o gM+Iik dh [kqnkbZ
esa uxj] Hkou] euq"; 'kjhj] i'kqvksa osQ <k¡ps] nsoh&nsorkvksa dh ewfrZ;k¡] crZu] vkStkj] lM+osaQ vkSj Lukukxkj vkfn
vusd oLrq,¡ izkIr gqbZ gSaA buls ik¡p gtkj o"kZ iwoZ dh flUèkq ?kkVh dh lH;rk dk Kku ikzIr gksrk gAS r{kf'kyk
dh [kqnkb Z ls dq"kk.k oa'k osQ dky&Øe dh lafnXèkrk nwj gks xb Z gAS lkaph (Hkksiky osQ ikl) dh [kqnkbZ ls cq¼
dh vusd izfrek,¡ izkIr gqbZ gSa] ;s ckS¼ o tSu èkeks± osQ mRFkku&iru osQ bfrgkl dh lk{kh gSaA blh izdkj lkjukFk
esa izkIr vo'ks"k ckS¼ èkeZ osQ lEcUèk esa foLr`r tkudkjh nsrs gSaA
Lo&eYw ;kda u
(Self Assessment)
cgfq odYih; i'z u (Multiple Choice Questions)%
---------
4- Hkkjrh; iqjkrRo foHkkx dh LFkkiuk esa gqbZ
(a)1860 (b) 1862
(c)1740 (d) 1885
---------
5- lkaph (Hkksiky osQ ikl) dh [kqnkbZ ls dh vusd izfrek,¡ izkIr gqbZ gSa
(a)egkohj (b) cq¼
(c)ik'oZukFk (d) vkuUn
6- ;wukuh ;k=kh esxLFkuht fdlosQ njckj esa vk;k Fkk\
(a)pUnzxqIr ekS;Z (b) fcfEclkj
(c)mnkf;u (d) vtkr'k=kq
7- tknw] ra=k&ea=k ,oa Vksuk dk mYys[k gS
(a)½Xosn (b) lkeosn
(c);tqosZn (d) vFkoZosn
bl izdkj izkphu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl dk vfèkdka'k vfyf[kr Hkkx bUgha [kqnkbZ ls izkIr lkexzh ij vkèkkfjr gS vkSj
mls blh vkèkkj ij fyfic¼ fd;k x;k gAS
(2) vfHkys[k izkphu Hkkjr esa jktuhfrd bfrgkl osQ iqu£uekZ.k esa vfHkys[kksa dk fo'ks"k egÙo
(Epigraphs)—
gSA buls bfrgkl dh vusd dfM+;ksa dks tksM+us esa lgk;rk feyh gSA vfHkys[kksa osQ ekè;e ls fo}kuksa us ml
tkudkjh dk ifj'kksèku Hkh fd;k gS tks mUgsa vU; lkèkuksa ls izkIr gqbZ gSaA bfrgkl tkuus dk lzksr lokZfèkd
fo'oluh; gAS budh ikzekf.kdrk ij lUnsg ugha fd;k tk ldrk D;ksafd ;s èkkrqvksa o iRFkjksa ij vafdr gaSA ;s
vfHkys[k iRFkj dh f'kykvksa] LrEHkksa] rkezi=kksa] ew£r;ksa] xqgkvksa o Hkouksa dh nhokjksa ij [kqns gq, gSaA bu vfHkys[kksa
esa vusd Hkk"kkvksa dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA okLro esa ns'k osQ ftl {ks=k osQ yksxksa osQ fy, ;s vfHkys[k Fks] mu
yksxksa dh Hkk"kk dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k gSA ns'k osQ fofHkUu LFkkuksa ls izkIr gksus okys bu vfHkys[kksa dh Hkk"kk Hkh
fHkUu&fHkUu czkÞeh] laLÑr] ikyh] rfey] rsyqxw] ey;kye vkfn vf/dka'k vfHkys[kksa dh fyfi czkÞeh gS tks
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 5