History, Memory and Politics in Central and Eastern Europe: Memory Games PDF
Preview History, Memory and Politics in Central and Eastern Europe: Memory Games
History, Memory and Politics in Central and Eastern Europe This page intentionally left blank History, Memory and Politics in Central and Eastern Europe Memory Games Editedby Georges Mink SeniorResearcher,InstituteforSocialSciencesofPolitics,CNRS,France, andCollegeofEurope,Natolin,Poland and Laure Neumayer AssistantProfessorinPoliticalScience,UniversitéParis1Panthéon Sorbonne,Paris,France Selection,introduction,conclusionandeditorialmatter©GeorgesMinkand LaureNeumayer2013 Individualchapters©Respectiveauthors2013 Allrightsreserved.Noreproduction,copyortransmissionofthis publicationmaybemadewithoutwrittenpermission. Noportionofthispublicationmaybereproduced,copiedortransmitted savewithwrittenpermissionorinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthe Copyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,orunderthetermsofanylicence permittinglimitedcopyingissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgency, SaffronHouse,6–10KirbyStreet,LondonEC1N8TS. Anypersonwhodoesanyunauthorizedactinrelationtothispublication maybeliabletocriminalprosecutionandcivilclaimsfordamages. Theauthorshaveassertedtheirrightstobeidentifiedastheauthorsofthis workinaccordancewiththeCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Firstpublished2013by PALGRAVEMACMILLAN PalgraveMacmillanintheUKisanimprintofMacmillanPublishersLimited, registeredinEngland,companynumber785998,ofHoundmills,Basingstoke, HampshireRG216XS. PalgraveMacmillanintheUSisadivisionofStMartin’sPressLLC, 175FifthAvenue,NewYork,NY10010. PalgraveMacmillanistheglobalacademicimprintoftheabovecompanies andhascompaniesandrepresentativesthroughouttheworld. Palgrave®andMacmillan®areregisteredtrademarksintheUnitedStates, theUnitedKingdom,Europeandothercountries. ISBN978–0–230–35433–3 Thisbookisprintedonpapersuitableforrecyclingandmadefromfully managedandsustainedforestsources.Logging,pulpingandmanufacturing processesareexpectedtoconformtotheenvironmentalregulationsofthe countryoforigin. 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AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 PrintedandboundinGreatBritainby CPIAntonyRowe,ChippenhamandEastbourne Contents ListofIllustrations viii GeneralEditor’sPreface ix NotesonContributors xi Introduction 1 GeorgesMinkandLaureNeumayer Part I MobilizationsaroundMemory:NewActors, NewIssues 1 Would-beGuardiansofMemory:AnAssociationofCamp Inmatesofthe1992–95BosnianWarunderEthnographic Scrutiny 23 CécileJouhanneau 2 TheRussianOrthodoxChurchandReconciliationwith theSovietPast 39 KathyRousselet 3 ‘YouStillLiveFarfromtheMotherland,butYouAreHer Son,HerDaughter.’WarMemoryandSovietMentalSpace (1945–2011) 54 MachteldVenken 4 PilgrimagestotheEdgeoftheFallenEmpire– AnAnthropologicalStudyofFinnishandHungarian PilgrimagestoSecondWorldWarMemorials inPost-SovietRussia 68 EvaFisliandJocelynParot 5 MemoryattheMargins:TheShoahinUkraine (1991–2011) 86 SarahFainberg v vi Contents Part II MemoryPoliciesandHistorical Narratives:HowDoStatesDealwithMemories ofthePast? 6 TheElites’GamesintheFieldofMemory:Insights fromLithuania 105 IrminaMatonyte 7 TheChernobylNuclearAccidentandIdentityStrategies inBelarus 121 TatianaKasperski 8 DealingwiththePastinCentralandSouthernEuropean Democracies:ComparingSpainandPoland 136 FilipaRaimundo 9 InstitutionsofNationalMemoryinPost-Communist Europe:FromTransitionalJusticetoPoliticalUsesof Biographies(1989–2010) 155 GeorgesMink Part III InternationalNormsand‘Geopoliticsof Memory’ 10 MemoryWarsandReconciliationintheUkrainian–Polish Borderlands:GeopoliticsofMemoryfromaLocal Perspective 173 TatianaZhurzhenko 11 MemoryoftheSovietUnionandEuropeanNormson DiversityasRivalFrameworksforEthnicBoundary Making:ACaseStudyinLatvia’sRussian-speaking Schools 193 PascalBonnard 12 SymbolicPoliciesversusEuropeanReconciliation: TheHungarian‘StatusLaw’ 209 LaureNeumayer 13 TheRejectionofInternationalCriminalLawinWest GermanyaftertheSecondWorldWar 226 GuillaumeMouralis Contents vii 14 HistoryasaToolforForeignPolicyintheBalticStates afterIndependence 242 PhilippePerchoc Conclusion 257 GeorgesMinkandLaureNeumayer Index 261 Illustrations Figures 6.1 Distributionofpartygroups’attitudestowardpolitical managementofthepastinLithuania 115 8.1 Punitivemeasures(criminalprosecution/non-criminal proceedings/condemnationofthepreviousregime) approvedinPoland,bygovernment 142 8.2 ReparationmeasuresapprovedinSpain,bygovernment 147 Photos 5.1 Twomemorialsstandingsidebysideovertheformer ghettoofMohyliv-Podilskyi,Ukraine 96 5.2 GraffitiedmemorialovertheformerKharkivghettoto beerasedbyarealestateproject,Ukraine 97 10.1 TheEaglets’cemeteryinLviv 183 10.2 ThememorialtothewarriorsoftheUkrainianGalician ArmyinLviv 185 10.3 ThememorialtotheUkrainianvictimsinPawłokoma 187 10.4 ThememorialtothePolishvictimsinPawłokoma 188 Tables 8.1 Parties’attitudestowardlustrationinPoland 140 8.2 Thepoliticsofthepastinthe2005partymanifestos inPoland 143 8.3 Thepoliticsofthepastinthe2004partymanifestos inSpain 148 8.4 Comparisonbetweenthebill(2006)andthelaw(2007), andthepartiesresponsibleforeachchangeinSpain 150 14.1 ‘Weightofhistory’and‘choiceofhistory’intheBaltic states 253 viii General Editor’s Preface ThisisthethirdworldcongressorganizedbytheInternationalCouncil forCentralandEastEuropeanStudies(ICCEES)thathastheprivilegeof seeing congress volumes published by Palgrave Macmillan. That this is happeningisanindicationoftheveryfruitfulrelationshipthatICCEES has with Palgrave Macmillan, and of the recognition that the field of CentralandEastEuropeanstudiescontinuestoenjoynotonlyacademic excellence,butalsocontinuedpertinenceasanareaofstudy. In their preface to earlier volumes from the 1995 Warsaw and the 2005Berlincongresses,mytwopredecessorsasgeneraleditor,Professor RonaldHillofTrinityCollegeDublinandRogerE.KanetoftheUniver- sityofMiami,outlinedthehistoricalconditionsthatnotonlybrought about the creation of ICCEES, but above all demonstrated the impor- tanceofpublishingtheresearchthatispresentedatICCEEScongresses. All congresses (including the one in Tampere, Finland, in 2000) stud- iedCentralandEasternEuropethroughthelensofvariousdisciplines, and also mirrored the changes that were taking place in the area since Western scholars came together in Banff, Canada, in 1974 to organize the research they were engaged in but which lacked an organizational structure that could coordinate their results and offer an opportunity for debate and discussion. This is why the International Committee for Soviet and East European Studies (ICSEES) was created; today it is knownastheInternationalCouncilforCentralandEastEuropeanStud- ies(ICCEES).Thechangeinnamereflectednotonlythemutationsthat theareawasundergoing,butalsothefieldofstudy. After 1989 the societies and states of Central and Eastern Europe began experiencing major political, economic and social change. As a result, no longer were Western scholars engaged in ‘Communist studies’ – rather they were focusing on an area that was undergoing redefinition as a geopolitical region. Domestic politics was in flux and interstate relations were experiencing a qualitative change that hence- forth stressed cooperation rather than confrontation. ICCEES under- stood the need to give its congresses thematic direction. The 1990 ICCEESWorldCongressinHarrogate,UK,celebratedtheendoftheCold War; the 1995 Warsaw congress focused on the democratic develop- mentoftheformer‘Communiststates’;the2000congressinTampere, ix
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