History, fiction or science? : Chronology 1

2006·44.7 MB·English

by  Fomenko, A. T

Anatoly T. Fomenko
History:
Fiction
or Science?
Copyrighledmaterial
Whocontrolsthepastcontrolsthefuture.
Whocontrolsthepresentcontrolsthepast.
GeorgeOrwell
Scaligerseducedme;chronologicalstudies,
asIsee,terrifyme.
IohannesKepler
Bewaryofmathematiciens,particularly
whentheyspeakthetruth.
St.Augustine
ii I history:fictionorscience?
A.T.Fomenko
Chronology1
Introducingtheproblem.AcriticismoftheScaligerianchronology.
Datingmethodsasofferedbymathematicalstatistics.Eclipsesandzodiacs.
A.T.Fomenko
Chronology2
Thedynasticparallelismmethod.Rome.Troy.Greece.TheBible.Chronologicalshifts.
A.T.Fomenko,V.V.Kalashnikov,G.V.Nosovskiy
Chronology3
Astronomicalmethodsasappliedtochronology.Ptolemy'sAlmagest.
TychoBrahe.Copernicus.TheEgyptianzodiacs.
A.T.Fomenko,G.V.Nosovskiy
Chronology4
Russia.Britain.Byzantium.Rome.
A.T.Fomenko,G.V.Nosovskiy
Chronology5
Russia=Horde.Ottomans=Atamans.Europe.China.Japan.TheEtruscans.Egypt.Scandinavia.
A.T.Fomenko,G.V.Nosovskiy
Chronology6
TheHorde-AtamanEmpire.TheBible.TheReformation.America.Passoverandthecalendar.
A.T.Fomenko,G.V.Nosovskiy
Chronology7
Areconstructionofglobalhistory.TheKhansofNovgorod=TheHabsburgs.Miscellaneousinformation.
ThelegacyoftheGreatEmpireinthehistoryandcultureofEurasiaandAmerica.
Thissevenvolumeeditionisbasedonanumber authorshavediscoveredandresearched,aswellas
ofourbooksthatcameoutoverthelastcoupleof thenewhypotheticalreconstructionofglobal
yearsandwereconcernedwiththesubjectinques- historyupuntiltheXVIIIcentury.Ourprevious
tion.Allthisgiganticbodyofmaterialhasbeen booksonthesubjectofchronologywerecreatedin
revisedandcategorized;finally,itscurrentform theperiodofnaissanceandratherturbulent
doesnotcontainanyoftherepetitionsthatare infancyofthenewparadigm,fullofcomplications
inevitableinthepublicationofseparatebooks. andinvolvedissues,whichoftenresultedinthe
Allofthisresultedintheinclusionofagreatnum- formulationofmulti-optionalhypotheses.The
berofadditionalmaterialinthecurrentedition- presenteditionpioneersinformulatingaconsecu-
includingpreviouslyunpublisheddata.Thereader tiveunifiedconceptofthereconstructionofan-
shallfindasystematicrenditionofdetailedcriti- cienthistory-apparentlysupportedbyatruly
cismsoftheconsensual(Scaligerian)chronology, immensebodyofevidence.Nevertheless,itis
thedescriptionsofthemethodsofferedbymathe- understandablethatitselementsmayoccasionally
maticalstatisticsandnaturalsciencesthatthe beinneedofrevisionorelaboration.
Ill
History: Fiction orScience?
Fomenko,AnatolyTimofeevich.Bornin1945.Full
Member(Academician)oftheRussianAcademyof
Sciences,FullMemberoftheRussianAcademyof
NaturalSciences,FullMemberoftheInternational
HigherEducationAcademyofSciences,Doctorof
PhysicsandMathematics,Professor,Headofthe
MoscowStateUniversitySectionofMathematicsof
theDepartmentofMathematicsandMechanics.
SolvedPlateau'sProblemfromthetheoryofminimal
spectralsurfaces.Authorofthetheoryofinvariants
andtopologicalclassificationofintegrableHamil-
toniandynamicsystems.Laureateofthe1996Na-
tionalPremiumoftheRussianFederation(inMathe-
matics)foracycleofworksontheHamiltonian
dynamicalsystemsandmanifolds'invariantstheory.
Authorof200scientificpublications,28monographs
andtextbooksonmathematics,aspecialistingeom-
etryandtopology,calculusofvariations,symplectic
topology,Hamiltoniangeometryandmechanics,
computergeometry.
Authorofanumberofbooksonthedevelopmentof
newempirico-statisticalmethodsandtheirapplica-
tiontotheanalysisofhistoricalchroniclesaswellas
thechronologyofantiquityandtheMiddleAges.
.
iv history:fictionorscience?
|
Also byAnatolyT.Fomenko
(Listisnon-exhaustive)
DifferentialGeometryandTopology
PlenumPublishingCorporation.1987.USA,ConsultantsBureau,NewYorkandLondon.
VariationalPrinciplesinTopology.MultidimensionalMinimalSurfaceTheory
KluwerAcademicPublishers,TheNetherlands,1990.
Topologicalvariationalproblems.-GordonandBreach,1991.
IntegrabilityandNonintegrabilityinGeometryandMechanics
KluwerAcademicPublishers,TheNetherlands,1988.
ThePlateauProblem,vols.l,2
GordonandBreach,1990.(StudiesintheDevelopmentofModernMathematics.)
SymplecticGeometry.MethodsandApplications.
GordonandBreach,1988.Secondedition1995.
MinimalsurfacesandPlateauproblem.TogetherwithDaoChongThi
USA,AmericanMathematicalSociety,1991.
IntegrableSystemsonLieAlgebrasandSymmetricSpaces.TogetherwithV.V.Trofimov
GordonandBreach,1987.
GeometryofMinimalSurfacesinThree-DimensionalSpace.TogetherwithA.A.Tuzhilin
USA,AmericanMathematicalSociety.In:TranslationofMathematicalMonographs,vol.93,1991.
TopologicalClassificationofIntegrableSystems.AdvancesinSovietMathematics,vol.6
USA,AmericanMathematicalSociety,1991.
TensorandVectorAnalysis:Geometry,MechanicsandPhysics.-TaylorandFrancis,1988.
AlgorithmicandComputerMethodsforThree-Manifolds.TogetherwithS.V.Matveev
KluwerAcademicPublishers,TheNetherlands,1997.
TopologicalModelingforVisualization.TogetherwithT.L.Kunii.-Springer-Verlag,1997.
ModernGeometry. MethodsandApplications.TogetherwithB.A.Dubrovin,S.P.Novikov
Springer-Verlag,GTM93,Part1,1984;GTM104,Part2,1985.Part3,1990,GTM124.
Thebasicelementsofdifferentialgeometryandtopology.TogetherwithS.P.Novikov
KluwerAcad.Publishers,TheNetherlands,1990.
IntegrableHamiltonianSystems:Geometry,Topology,Classification.TogetherwithA.V.Bolsinov
TaylorandFrancis,2003
Empirico-StatisticalAnalysisofNarrativeMaterialanditsApplicationstoHistoricalDating.
Vol.1:TheDevelopmentoftheStatisticalTools.Vol.2:TheAnalysisofAncientandMedieval
Records.—KluwerAcademicPublishers.TheNetherlands,1994.
GeometricalandStatisticalMethodsofAnalysisofStarConfigurations.DatingPtolemy's
Almagest.TogetherwithV.VKalashnikov.,G.V.Nosovsky.-CRC-Press,USA,1993.
NewMethodsofStatisticalAnalysisofHistoricalTexts.ApplicationstoChronology.Antiquityin
theMiddleAges.GreekandBibleHistory.Vols.l,2,3.-TheEdwinMellenPress.USA.Lewiston.
Queenston.Lampeter,1999.
MathematicalImpressions.-AmericanMathematicalSociety,USA,1990.
Anatoly T. Fomenko
History:
Fiction
or Science?
CHRONOLOGY
1
2ND EDITION, REVISED
©elamere ^Publishing
PARIS LONDON NEW YORK
• •
PublishedbyDelamereResourcesLLC
C/OROSACSI
1972NE3rdSt.,#14
Bend,Oregon97701
USA
http://history.mithec.com
Copyright©2003-2006DelamereResourcesLLC
2ndedition,revised
ISBN2-913621-07-4
AnatolyT.Fomenkoassertsthemoralright
tobeidentifiedastheauthorofthiswork
Translation:MikhailYagupov
Cover:PolinaZinoviev
Layout:PaulBondarovski
Projectmanagement:FranckTamdhu
Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmay
bereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,
ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,
withoutthepriorpermissionofthepublisher.
Criticsarewelcome,ofcourse,toquotebrief
passagesbywayofcriticismandreview.
1
Contents
Overviewofthesevenvolumes it
AhnuttheAuthor Hi
AlsobyAnalolyT.Fomenko iv
AGlobalFalsificationofHistory.ForewordbyAlexanderZinoviev xv
ForewordbyA.Shiryaev xviii
Publisher'sNote XX
PrefacebyA.T.Fomenko xxi
HistoryoftheNewChronology.ByA.T.FomenkoandG.V.Nosovskiy xxix
Publisher'sAdvice xxxviii
Chapter1 Theproblemsofhistoricalchronology
1.RomanchronologyasthefoundationofEuropeanchronology 1
2.Scaliger,Petavius,andotherclericalchronologers.Thecreationofcontemporary
chronologyoftheancienttimesintheXVI-XVIIcenturya.d 1
3.TheveracityoftheScaliger-PetaviuschronologywasquestionedasearlyastheXVIcentury... 10
3.1.WhocriticizedScaliger'schronologyandwhere 10
.3.1.1.DeArcilla,RobertBaldauf,JeanHardouin,Edwinlohnson,
WilhelmKammeyer 10
3.1.2.SirIsaacNewton 1
3.1.3.NikolaiAlexandrovichMorozov 13
3.1.4.RecentpublicationsofGermanscientistscontainingcriticisms
ofScaligerianchronology 18
3.2.ThequestionableveracityoftheRomanchronologyandhistory.
ThehypercriticalschooloftheXIXcentury 19
4.Theproblemsinestablishingacorrectchronologyof"ancient"Egypt 23
5.Theproblemindatingthe"ancient"sources.TacitusandPoggio.
CiceroandBarzizza.VitruviusandAlherti 25
6.TimekeepingintheMiddleAges.Historiansdiscussthe"chaosreigning
inthemediaevaldatings."Peculiarmediaevalanachronisms 31
7.ThechronologyandthedatingofBiblicaltexts 32
viii I history:fictionorscience?
8.Difficultiesandcontradictionsarisingfromthereadingofoldtexts 34
8.1.Howdoesonereadatextwritteninconsonantsexclusively?
Thevocalizationproblem 34
8.2.Thesounds"R"and"L"wereoftenconfusedintheMiddleAges 35
9.ProblemsintheScaligeriangeographyofBiblicalevents 37
9.1.ArchaeologyandtheOldTestament 37
9.2.ArchaeologyandtheNewTestament 40
10.Ancienthistoricalevents:geographiclocalizationissues 42
10.1.ThelocationsofTroyandBabylon 42
10.2.ThegeographyofHerodotusisatoddswiththeScaligerianversion 44
10.3.TheinvertedmapsoftheMiddleAges 49
11.AmodernanalysisofBiblicalgeography 49
12.ThemysteriousRenaissanceepochasaproductoftheScaligerianchronology 53
13.ThefoundationsofarchaeologicalmethodshavebeenbasedontheScaligerian
chronologyfromtheverybeginning 59
13.1.Theambiguityofarchaeologicaldatingsandtheirdependenceon
theexistingchronology 59
13.2.TheexcavationsofPompeii.Thedatingofthistown'sdestruction 61
13.3.Theallegedlyaccelerateddestructionofthe"ancient"monuments 65
13.4.WhendidtheconstructionoftheCologneCathedralreallybegin? 65
13.5.ArchaeologicalmethodsaremostoftenbasedonScaligeriandatings 69
13.6.OneofthenumerousproblemsoftheScaligerianhistory—theproblem
ofbronzemanufacturebeforethediscoveryoftin 70
14.Theproblemsanddeficienciesofdendrochronologyandseveralother
datingmethods 71
14.1.Theconsequentscaleofdendrochronologicaldatingsdoesnotextend
furtherbackintimethantheXcenturya.d 71
14.2.Sedimentarylayerdatings.Themethodsofradium-uraniumand
radium-actiniumanalysis 73
15.Areradiocarbondatingstobetrusted? 74
15.1.Theradiocarbondatingsofancient,mediaeval,andmodernspecimens
arescatteredchaotically 74
15.1.1.Libby'sinitialidea.Thefirstfailures 74
15.1.2.Acriticismoftheapplicationoftheradiocarbonmethod
tohistoricalspecimens 75
15.2.ThedatingoftheShroudofTurin 77
15.3ModernradiocarbonanalysisofEgyptianartefactsdemonstratesserious
contradictions 80
16.Criticalanalysisofthehypothesesonwhichtheradiocarbonmethodisbased 80
16.1.W.F.Libby'sinitialidea 80
16.2.Physicalbasicsoftheradiocarbonmethod 82
16.3.Thehypothesesthattheradiocarbonmethodisbasedupon 83
16.4.Themomentoftheobject'sdeparturefromtheexchangereservoir 83
16.5.Radiocarboncontentvariationsintheexchangereservoir 84
16.6.Variationsinradiocarboncontentoflivingbodies 87
17.Summary 87
18.Numismaticdating 90
.
CHRON1 CONTENTS IX
|
Chapter2 Astronomicaldatings
1.ThestrangeleapofparameterD"intheTheoryofLunarMotion 93
2.Arethe"ancient"andmediaevaleclipsesdatedcorrectly? 95
Someastronomicaldata 9_5
2.2.Thediscoveryofaninterestingeffect:anunprejudicedastronomicaldating
shiftsthedatesofthe"ancient"eclipsestotheMiddleAges 96
2.3.Threeeclipsesdescribedbythe"ancient"Thucydides 97
2.4.Theeclipsesdescribedbythe"ancient"TitusLivy 105
3.Transferringthedatesofthe"ancient"eclipsesforwardintimeinto
theMiddleAgeseliminatestheenigmaticbehaviouroftheparameterD" 105
4.Astronomymovesthe"ancient"horoscopesintotheMiddleAges 106
4.1.Themediaevalastronomy 106
4.2.Themethodofunprejudicedastronomicaldating 109
4.3.Many"ancientastronomicalobservations"mayhavebeen
theoreticallycalculatedbylatemediaevalastronomersandthen
includedintothe"ancient"chroniclesas"realobservations" 110
4.4.Whichastronomical"observationsoftheancients"mightbe
aresultoflatemediaevaltheoreticalcalculations? LLL
5.AbriefaccountofseveralexamplesofEgyptianZodiacs 112
5.1.Somegeneralobservations 112
5.2.TheDenderaZodiacs 113
5.3.ThehoroscopesofBrugschandFlindersPetrie 124
5.4.FinitedatingsofEgyptianZodiacsbasedontheircomplete
decipherment,ascalculatedbyA.T.FomenkoandG.V.Nosovskiyin2001 127
5.5.OntheerrorsofE.S.GoloubtsovaandY.A.Zavenyagin 128
6.AstronomyintheNewTestament 133
Chapter3 ThenewdatingoftheastronomicalhoroscopeasdescribedintheApocalypse
ByA.T.FomenkoandG.V.Nosovskiy
1.Theproposedresearchmethod 134
2.GeneralinformationabouttheApocalypseandthetimeofitscreation 135
3.UrsaMajorandthethrone 139
4.TheeventstookplaceontheIsleofPatmos 141
5.TheconstellationsofCassiopeiaandthethroneweredrawn
asChristsittingonhisthroneintheMiddleAges 141
6.TheMilkyWay 142
7.Twenty-foursiderealhoursandtheconstellation
oftheNorthernCrown 146
8.Leo,Taurus,Sagittarius,Pegasus 146
9.ThedailyrotationoftheNorthernCrown 148
10.Equineplanetaryimagesinmediaevalastronomy 148
11 JupiterisinSagittarius 150
1?..MarsisbeneathPerseusineitherGeminiorTaurus L52
13.MercuryisinLibra 155
14.SaturnisinScorpio 157
15.TheSunisinVirgowiththeMoonunderneaththefeet
ofthelatter 157