History: Fiction Or Science?

408 Pages·2003·343.26 MB·English

by  Anatoly T. Fomenko

ZODIACS
Timeline of Egypt Cut
in Stone
Anatoly T. Fomenko
Tatiana N. Fomenko
Wieslaw Z. Krawcewicz
Gleb V. Nosovskiy
New Chronology Publications
April 21, 2005

Preface
We are all aware that history can not be considered as an area of knowledge where the portrayed
facts are scientifically supported. It was always an arena for politicalor nationalistic manipulations
and smaller or larger falsification. Ancient history is not an exception and in fact its problems are
more serious than one could suspect.
All the authors of this book are mathematicians and we would like to illustrate how modern
applied mathematics can be used to investigate the chronology of ancient events. Our results chal-
lenge the correctness ofthe ancient chronologysupported bythe overwhelmingopinionofreputable
experts inhistory.Itisnotourintentiontocreate asensationortodiscreditanybody.Ourobjective
is to attract more attention to a serious scientific problem.
We are aware that it was always extremely hard to introduce principally new ideas in any field
of knowledge. There are numerous examples in physics, mathematics, biology, medicine and other
sciences, when the new theories were only accepted after long years of absolute rejection by almost
all experts. Nevertheless, every area of science had its turning points when, with hesitation and
lots ofpain,oldand wellestablished knowledge was rejected to accept new concepts. Such reversals
happened before in astronomy,mechanics, chemistry, physics and even in mathematics. There were
alsoreversalsineconomicsandpsychologyaswell.Surprisingly,thehistoricalchronologythroughout
the last four centuries remains intact. There was no significant improvement of the chronology in
spite of the computer technology and modern methods of data analysis.
Nowadays,moreandmoremathematicsisusedinsocialareas.Duringthelastcentury,economics
owes its development to mathematics. There is a growing need for mathematics in psychology,
sociology, demography, social epidemiology and criminology. Not surprisingly, mathematics is also
trying to make its contribution in areas that seem to be quite distant from it.
Historical chronology, when it was created in the 17th century was considered as a part of
mathematics (even J. Scaliger, who is know as the creator of the presently accepted version of
the chronology, considered himself to be a mathematician). Later, it was incorporated as a part of
history,whichisapuresocialscience notrelyingonthenaturalsciences methodology.Withoutsolid
scientifictools,historiansarenotabletosolveprincipalproblemsexistinginthechronology(clearly,
problems exist inany area ofknowledge).In our book,we willshow that there are serious problems
in a very foundation of the conventional chronology.
How anybody can be sure that historical events we learned about in school, from books or even
movies,reallytookplace?Maybesomeofthemaresimplyfairytalesorfantasiesthatareconsidered
now to be historical facts. However, a prevailing opinion is that there is no reason to worry about
the accuracy ofthe conventionalchronology.Historiansclaimthat their workprovides us withclear
and comprehensive explanations of every historical epoch and that strictly scientific methods, for
examplethe carbon-14 dating anddendrochronology support it.However,there are serious problems
with usage of physical methods to support the conventional chronology.We do not want to discuss
this problem here and we refer the interested reader to the books [98] and [110].
Theastronomicaldating,usingcontemporaryscientific theories,remainsinfactthe onlymethod
that can produce reliable precise dates for ancient events. In particular, remains of many old
Egyptianzodiacs containinghoroscopes are importantmaterialforsuch dating.Analysisofsome of
iii
iv Preface
these horoscopes wasalreadyattempted inthe 18thand19thcenturies but didnotleadtoanysolid
date.
Recently it was discovered (see [109]) that Egyptian zodiacs contain much more astronomical
information that it was previously believed. This gave us an opportunity to establish dozens of
uniquedates fromthe ancient Egyptianhistory.Itappears thatit is possible to determinewith
very high confidence the exact dates represented on the Egyptian zodiacs.
In this book we have analyzed several accessible to us old Egyptian zodiacs containing valid
astronomical data (horoscopes). These zodiacs were created in form of reliefs, carvings in stone or
paintings. The purpose of this book is to astronomicallydate all these zodiacs. The obtained dates
appear to be much later than it is suggested in the conventional chronology of Egypt.
In this book are not going to discuss in this book how serious are the implicationsof these new
dates on the ancient history. Our only objective is to present a serious scientific evidence without
making any a priori assumption of its correctness or incorrectness. Our research is independent of
the restrictions imposed bythe conventionalchronology.Beingmathematicians,we simplysolvethe
puzzle ofancient Egyptianzodiacs, where the hidden dates were encoded inside the horoscopes. We
find these dates and let them speak for themselves.
We are using here the results that were obtained by A.T. Fomenko and G.V. Nosovskiy, and
were published in Russia in 2001(see [109]).However, it is not a translationof the originalRussian
book. It is a different presentation of the same material with many new illustrations and some
new results obtained recently. We do not require from the reader any mathematical background or
astronomical knowledge. We include all the information and detailed explanations necessary for a
complete understanding of the problem and the methods applied to solve it. We also provide our
readers with the tools to conduct their further independent research. The special software used for
the computations of the dates on the Egyptian zodiacs and high resolution images of the Egyptian
zodiacs, are availableform the web sites:
http://krawcewicz.net/downloads.htmor http://chronologia.org
All the technicalities are separated from the maintext and placed in Appendixes.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to express their gratitude to Professor Y.V. Tatarinov from Moscow State
Universityforhishelp incollectingmaterialaboutthe Egyptianzodiacs. Specialthanks gotoMane
Leung, who created the Windows interface for the program HOROS,which was used for the dating
of the zodiacs presented in this book. We are also thankful to our colleagues from the Department
ofMathematicalandStatisticalSciences attheUniversityofAlberta,fortheirinterest andsupport,
inparticular:Jack Macki,John Bowman,Jacques Carri`ere and OksanaKotovych. Wewouldliketo
thank Florin Diacu from Vicoria Unversity for his sugestons and comments. Special thanks go to
Veronica Krawcewicz and Maria Marsh for their help with the proofreading of the manuscript. In
addition, we would like to express our gratitude to all people who were helping and supporting us
duringtheworkonthisbook,includingAlexanderOrlov,GrazynaKrawcewicz,AndrewMitchell,Pi-
otrZabreiko, BindhyachalRai,Hector Calderon,Jules de Tibeiro,Dragos Hrimiuc,TimothyTaylor,
and many others.
Contents
1 The Problems of Historical Chronology 1
1.1 Creation of the Contemporary Chronology of the Ancient Times . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 Who were the Critics of Scaliger’s Chronology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3 Questionable Authenticity of the Fundamental “Ancient” Manuscripts . . . . . . . . 8
1.4 Medieval Anachronisms and Measuring Time in the Middle Ages . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.5 Vowels in Ancient Manuscripts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.6 The Controversy over Ptolemy’s Almagest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.6.1 Coordinate System used in the Almagest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.6.2 North Star as the First Star of the Catalogue Almagest . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.6.3 Statistical Analysis of the Star Catalogue Almagest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.7 Peculiarities in Development of Ancient Astronomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
1.8 Mathematical and Statistical Methods for Dating Events of Ancient History. . . . . 21
2 Ancient Egyptian Zodiacs 33
2.1 Egyptian Zodiacs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.2 Why Egyptologists Avoid Astronomical Dating of Egyptian Zodiacs? . . . . . . . . . 52
2.3 Our New Approach to Dating Egyptian Zodiacs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
2.4 Pictures of Egyptian Zodiacs used for Dating in this Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
2.5 Our Abbreviations for Egyptian Zodiacs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
3 Previous Attempts of Astronomical Dating of Egyptian Zodiacs 67
3.1 History of Dating of the Denderah Zodiacs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
3.2 Two Esna Zodiacs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
3.3 Athribis Zodiacs Discovered by Flinders Petrie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
3.4 Brugsch’s Zodiac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
3.5 Astronomical Datingof Zodiacs by Egyptologists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
4 New Approach to Decoding of Egyptian Zodiacs 87
4.1 New Approach to Decoding of Egyptian Zodiacs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
4.2 Equinox and Solstice Points on Egyptian Zodiacs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
4.3 Egyptian Zodiacs as Astronomical Pictures of the Whole Year Containing the Main
Date . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
4.4 Datingof Egyptian Zodiacs with Equal Treatment of all Admissible Decodings . . . 95
5 Symbolism on Egyptian Zodiacs and New Complete Decoding 97
5.1 Symbols of Constellations on Egyptian Zodiacs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
5.1.1 Aries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
5.1.2 Taurus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
5.1.3 Gemini . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
5.1.4 Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
5.1.5 Leo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
5.1.6 Virgo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
v
vi CONTENTS
5.1.7 Libra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
5.1.8 Scorpio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
5.1.9 Sagittarius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
5.1.10 Capricorn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
5.1.11 Aquarius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
5.1.12 Pisces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
5.2 Symbols of Decans and Principal Scale on Egyptian Zodiacs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
5.2.1 Decans on the Long Denderah Zodiac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
5.2.2 Principal Scale on Egyptian Zodiacs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
5.3 Male and Female Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
5.4 Planetary Symbols of the Main Horoscope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
5.4.1 Planetary WalkingStick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
5.4.2 Saturn in the Main Horoscope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
5.4.3 Seth, Anubis and Thoth as Egyptian Symbols of Saturn and Mercury . . . . 118
5.4.4 Jupiter in the Main Horoscope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
5.4.5 Mars in the Main Horoscope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
5.4.6 Venus in the Main Horoscope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
5.4.7 Mercury in the Main Horoscope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
5.4.8 Additional Symbols Associated with Mercury on Egyptian Zodiacs . . . . . . 131
5.4.9 Representation of Mercury in Two Locations on One Horoscope . . . . . . . 131
5.4.10 Relation Between Mercury and the RomanGod Janus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
5.4.11 The Sun in the Main Horoscope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
5.4.12 The Astronomical Meaning of the Egyptian Eye Symbol . . . . . . . . . . . 135
5.4.13 Moon in the Main Horoscope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
5.5 Planetary Symbols in Partial Horoscopes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
5.5.1 First Example: PartialHoroscope of Autumn Equinox on the Long Zodiac . . 140
5.5.2 Second Example: Partial Horoscope of Winter Solstice on the Round Zodiac. 141
5.5.3 Third Example: Partial Horoscope of Summer Solstice on the Lower Athribis
Zodiac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
5.6 Boats, Snakes, and Other Objects Under the Feet of Figures as Pull-Out Symbols . . 143
5.7 Signs of Visibilityof Planets in the Main Horoscope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
5.8 Symbols of Equinoxes and Solstices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
5.8.1 Symbols of the Autumn Equinox in Virgo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
5.8.2 Symbols of the Winter Solstice in Sagittarius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
5.8.3 Symbols of the Spring Equinox in Pisces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
5.8.4 Symbols of the Summer Solstice in Gemini . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
5.9 Supplementary Astronomical Symbols on Egyptian Zodiacs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
5.9.1 Paschal Moon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
5.9.2 Bird-Sun on the Long Denderah Zodiac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
5.9.3 Symbol of the Twilights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
5.9.4 Beheading Scenes near Aquarius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
5.9.5 Meeting of Saturn and Mars on the Long Denderah Zodiac. . . . . . . . . . . 159
5.9.6 Stabbing of a Bull (Bullfighting) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
5.9.7 Wolfon a Scythe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
5.10 The Places of Astronomical Observations: Cairo and Luxor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
5.11 Beginning of the Year on the Egyptian Zodiacs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
6 Method of Astronomical Determination of the Dates Encoded in
Egyptian Zodiacs 163
6.1 Seven Planets of Ancient Astronomy: Zodiacs and Horoscopes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
6.2 Calculated Horoscopes on the Egyptian Zodiacs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
6.3 Movement of Planets Among Zodiac Constellations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
6.4 Partition of the Zodiac Belt into Zodiac Constellations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
6.5 “Celestial Calendar” and Its Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
CONTENTS vii
6.6 Principal Accuracy of the Computations of the Past Planetary Positions . . . . . . . 173
6.7 Datingof Egyptian Zodiacs Based on Contents of the Main and Partial Horoscopes . 175
6.7.1 Step 1: Identification of the Planets in the Main Horoscope with All Possible
Variants Considered. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
6.7.2 Step 2: Computation of the Dates for All Variants of Decoding . . . . . . . . 175
6.7.3 Step3:ValidationofDatesBasedonthePrecisePlanetaryPositions,Visibility
Attributes, and PartialHoroscopes. Rejection of Incomplete Solutions. . . . . 176
6.8 Color-Annotated Zodiacs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
6.9 Conclusive Determination of the Main Date. Final (Complete) Solutions.. . . . . . . 179
6.10 Constellation-Sized Scale of The Zodiacal Belt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
6.11 Best Points for the Planets and the Planetary Order . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
6.12 MeanDiscrepancy fromthe Best Pointsas anIndicatorofthe Accuracy ofthe Solution182
6.13 Example of the Input Data for the Program Horos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
6.14 Check-up List for an Astronomical Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
7 The Dates Shown on the Monumental Zodiacs in the Denderah and
Esna Temples 187
7.1 Denderah and Esna Zodiacs as Parts of the Gigantic Burial Complex in the Great
Bend of Nile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
7.2 Decoding the Date from the Long Denderah Zodiac. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
7.2.1 Constellations Figures on the Long Zodiac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
7.2.2 Planets in the Main Horoscope on the Long Zodiac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
7.2.3 Partial Horoscopes on the Long Zodiac. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
7.2.4 Final Solution for the Long Zodiac: April 22-26,1168 AD. . . . . . . . . . . . 199
7.2.5 Check-up list for the Long Zodiac FinalSolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
7.3 Decoding the Date from the Round Denderah Zodiac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
7.3.1 Constellations Figures on the Round Zodiac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
7.3.2 Planets in the Main Horoscope on the Round Zodiac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
7.3.3 Partial Horoscopes on the Round Zodiac. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
7.3.4 Final Solution for the Round Zodiac: Morning of March 20,1185 A.D. . . . 217
7.3.5 Checkup List for the Round Zodiac Final Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
7.4 Decoding the Date from the Big Esna Zodiac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
7.4.1 Constellations and “Constellation Brackets” on the Big Esna Zodiac . . . . . 225
7.4.2 Planetary Figures in the Main Horoscope on the Big Esna Zodiac. . . . . . . 225
7.4.3 Main Horoscope and “Double” Planetary Symbols on the Big Esna Zodiac . 231
7.4.4 InvisibilityAttributes on the Big Esna Zodiac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
7.4.5 Partial Horoscopes on the Big Esna Zodiac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
7.4.6 Final Solution for the Big Esna Zodiac: March 31 — April 3, 1394AD. . . . 234
7.4.7 Checkup list for the Big Esna Zodiac Final Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
7.5 Decoding the Date from the Small Esna Zodiac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
7.5.1 Color-Annotated SmallEsna Zodiac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
7.5.2 “Constellations Brackets” in the Planetary Row on the Small Esna Zodiac . . 248
7.5.3 Planetary Figures in the Main Horoscope on the SmallEsna Zodiac . . . . . 250
7.5.4 Partial Horoscopes and Supplementary Scenes on the Small Esna Zodiac. . . 251
7.5.5 Final Solution for the SmallEsna Zodiac: May 6—8, 1404 AD. . . . . . . . . 255
7.5.6 Checkup list for the Small Esna Zodiac Final Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
8 The Dates Shown on the Zodiacs form Ancient Egyptian Tombs and
Sarcophagi 265
8.1 The Athribis Zodiacs of Flinders Petrie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
8.1.1 Decoding of the Main Horoscopes: Six Variants for Identification of Planets . 266
8.1.2 Partial Horoscopes and Supplementary Scenes on the Athribis Zodiacs . . . . 272
8.1.3 Results of Computations for Six Variants of Decoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
viii CONTENTS
8.1.4 Results of Computations for Six Variants of Decoding with Arbitrary Order
of Invisible Planets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
8.1.5 FinalSolutionsfortheAthribisZodiacs:theLowerZodiac—May15-16,1230
AD, the Upper Zodiac — February 9-10, 1268 AD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
8.1.6 Validationof Solutions with Respect to Planetary Positions . . . . . . . . . . 280
8.1.7 Validation of Solutions According to the Partial Horoscope of the Summer
Solstice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
8.1.8 Verification of the “Meeting Scene above the Lion” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
8.1.9 Archaic Beginning of the Year in June on the Athribis Zodiacs . . . . . . . . 285
8.1.10 Final Identification of the Last Three Planets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
8.1.11 Stability of the Obtained Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
8.1.12 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
8.2 Brugsch’s Zodiac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
8.2.1 Annotated Demotic Horoscope on the Brugsch’s Zodiac . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
8.2.2 Horoscope “Without WalkingSticks” on Brugsch’s Zodiac . . . . . . . . . . . 290
8.2.3 Horoscope in “Boats” on Brugsch’s Zodiac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
8.2.4 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
8.3 Zodiac of Ramses VII —“ColorThebes Zodiac” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
8.3.1 Constellation Figures on the Thebes Zodiac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
8.3.2 Planetary Figures on the Thebes Zodiac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
8.3.3 The Main Horoscope and AdditionalConditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
8.3.4 Preliminary Solutions for the Main Horoscope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
8.3.5 Checking the Supplementary Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
8.3.6 Conclusion: the Date Encoded in the Color Zodiac was September 5–8, 1182
AD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
8.4 Two Zodiacs from the Petosiris Tomb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
8.4.1 Story of the Discovery and Analysis of the Petosiris Zodiacs. . . . . . . . . . 305
8.4.2 General Description of the Petosiris Tomband Its Zodiacs . . . . . . . . . . . 306
8.4.3 Planetary Symbols on the Petosiris Zodiacs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
8.4.4 Constellations Symbols.Equinoctial Break on the Zodiac (P2) . . . . . . . . 316
8.4.5 Constellations Figures on the Inner Petosiris Zodiac P2 . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
8.4.6 The Main Horoscope on the Inner Zodiac (P2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
8.4.7 SymbolsofEquinoxes,Solstices,PartialHoroscopesandSupplementaryScenes
on the Petosiris Zodiac (P2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
8.4.8 Astronomical Solutions for the Inner Petosiris Zodiac (P2). . . . . . . . . . . 326
8.4.9 Constellations and Planetary Figures on the Outer Petosiris Zodiac P1. . . . 330
8.4.10 The Main Horoscope and the Supplementary Scenes on the Outer Zodiac (P1) 331
8.4.11 Astronomically Possible Dates for the Zodiac P1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
8.4.12 Astronomical Datingof the Pair of the Zodiacs (P1) and (P2) . . . . . . . . . 333
8.4.13 Dating of the Petosiris Zodiac Under Weaker Requirements . . . . . . . . . . 334
8.4.14 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
8.5 Datingof the Zodiac from the Tombof Ramses VI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
8.5.1 The Tombof Ramses VI and Its Zodiac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
8.5.2 Zodiacal Constellations Symbols on the Zodiac (RS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
8.5.3 Planets in the Main Horoscope on the Ramses VI Zodiac . . . . . . . . . . . 342
8.5.4 Main Horoscope on the Ramses VI Zodiac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
8.5.5 Final Solution for the Ramses VI Zodiac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
9 Summary of the Astronomical Dating of the Egyptian Zodiacs 347
9.1 General Picture of the Dates on the Egyptian Zodiacs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
9.2 Stabilityof the Obtained Dates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
9.3 Unsolved Problems Related to the Datingof the Egyptian Zodiacs . . . . . . . . . . 351
9.4 Astronomical Datingof the Sumerian Tablets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351