History and Society in South India: The Cholas to Vijayanagar : Comprising South Indian History and Society, Towards a New Formation

591 Pages·2001·140.466 MB·English

by  Noboru Karashima

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Noboru Karashima
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History and Society in
South India
The Cholas to Vijayanagar
compn•s i•n g
• South Indian History and Society
• Towards a New For111ation
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0 -tfJneral Prefa ce to the Omnibus Edition
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Oxford University Press, India, is now going to publish in an omnibus
edi~on, two of my books, South Indian History and Society and Towards
a New Forma1ion, both published by them respectively in 1984 and 1992.
The publication of an omnibus edition of them is most welcome, as both
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the books, which are closely related to each other, have for some years
been out of print, though in good demand by scholars.
On this occasion, I have added to the first book a new preface and an
additional bibliography to make it up to date. I have revised, however,
the second book by adding a new chapter, a new preface, and an additional
bibliography. This added chapter is expected to open a new vista for
further studies of the Vijayanagar state and society.
In 1996, a seminar-session on South Indian History and Epigraphy
was organized in my h9nour on the occasion of the 48th Annual Meeting
of the Association for Asian Studies in Hawaii. Professors K. R. Hall, R.
Champakalakshmi, Leslie Orr, Cynthia Talbot, and R. Trautmann
participated in the seminar by presenting papers; I was a discussant. After
that, Professor Hall started editing a book including some more papers
besides those presented in the seminar. The book will come out sometime
next year. In my contribution to it, 'Whispering of Inscriptions', I have
reflected on my own studies and given answer to the criticism of my
works made in Symbols ofS ubstance. I hope that the readers interested
in this omnibus edition will have the opportunity of reading it also.
26 December 2000

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CONTENTS
SOUTH INDIAN HISTORY AND SOCIETY: STUDIES FROM
INSCRIPTIONS AD 850-1800
Foreword v
New Prefa ce to South Indian History And Society
for the Omnibus Edition vii
Preface ix
Acknowledgements xi
Glossary xiii
Periodization of Chola Rule xiv
Abbreviations xv
Introduction xvii
1. LANDHOLDING IN CHOLA TIMES 1
I Allor and lsanamangalam: Two South Indian
Villages of Chola Times 1
II The New Agrarian Order 15
Ill Private Landholding in the Lower Kaveri Valley 21
IV Land Transfer in Late Chola Inscriptions in
Vedaranyam 31
2. INTEGRATION OF SOCITY IN CHOI.A TIMES 36
I The Power Structure of Chola Rule- 36
II Village Communities: Myth or Reality 40
111 Social and Administrative Systems as Revealed
from Personal Names and Designations 56
3. REVENUE SYSTEMS OF THE CHOI.AS
AND PANDYAS 69
I Revenue Terms in Chola Inscriptions 69
II Land Revenue Assessment during Chola Rule 94
Ill Pandyan Revenue Terms in the Inscriptions
of Tlruchirapalli District and the former Pudukkottai State 105
IV Socio- and Agro-economic terms in the Inscriptions of
Thanjavur District 128
4. ASPECTS OF LATER PERIODS 159
I Nayakas as Lease-holders of Temple Lands 159
II Mlr astdars In the Chlngleput Area In the
Seventeenthand Eighteenth Centuries 165
Notes 181
Bibliography 197
Additional Bibliography 212
Index 219
TOWARDS A NEW FORMATION: SOUTH INDIAN SOCIETY
UNDER VIJAYANAGAR RULE
Preface to Towards a New Formation for the
Omnibus Edition v
Preface vii
Acknowledgements Ix
Glossary xi
INTRODUCTION 1
I. EMERGENCE OF A NEW POLITICAL STRUCTURE
1. Nayaka Rule In North and South Arcot districts 15
2. Vijayanagar Rule and NtJffavars in the
Vellar Valley 4 3
3. Changes in Vijayanagar Rule in the Lower
Kaveri Valley 64
4. Two Semi-independent Governors of Ch0lamaQ(ialam 72
S. Nayakas In Chlngleput District Inscriptions 83
II. SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS UNDER
VIJAYANAGAR RULE
6. Emergence of New Groups of Landholders and
the Condition of Cultivators 11 7
7. Nayakas and Merchants ad Lease-holders of
Temple Lands 131
8. The Uprising of the Valangal/l(langal Groups:
Conflict In Agrarian Society 141
9. Growth of Power in the Kalkk0Ja and KaQmaJa
Communities I 59
I 0. Development of Overseas Trade 171
Ill. VIJAYANAGAR REVENUE POLICY AND SOCIETY
11. Statistical Analysis of Revenue Terms in
Inscriptions 183
12. Pa,:,(Jarava,Jal as Taxable Land 205
13. Comparative Analysis of Revenue Terms In
Tamil, Kannada and Telugu Inscriptions 209
Appendices
1. Distribution Tables of Revenue Terms In
Inscriptions 219
2. Concordance of Revenue Terms in Inscriptions 250
3. Chronological List of Inscriptions Ylledlng
Revenue Terms 261
4. Appendix 4 272
Bibliography 2 79
Additional Bibliography 294
Index 297
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SOUTH INDIAN HISTORY
AND SOCIETY
Studies from Inscriptions
850-1800
A.D.

Contents
FOREWORD V
NEW PREFACE TO SOllTH INDIAN HISTORY ,\,VD SOCIETY
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FOR THE OMNIBUS EDITION • VII
•
PREFACE IX
.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS XI
GLOSSARY XIII
.
PERIODIZATION OF CHOLA RULE XIV
xv
ABBREVIATIONS
• •
INTRODUCTION XVII
1 LANDHOLDING IN CHOLA TIMES I
I Allur and isanan1an~alam: Two South Indian Villages of
Chola Times I
11 The New Agrarian Order 15
111 Private Landholding in the Lower Kaveri Valley 2 I
IV Land Transfer in Late Chola Inscriptions in Vedaranyam 31
2 INTEGRATION OF SOCIETY IN CHOLA TIMES 36
I The Po\\·er Structure of Chola Rule 36
11 Village Communities: Myth or Reality 40
111 Social and Administrative Systems as Revealed
from Personal N;:1mcs and Designations 56
3 Rf.VENUE SYSTEMS OF THE CHOLAS AND PANDY AS 69
I Revenue Terms in Chola Inscriptions 69
11 Land Revenue Assessment during Chola Rule 94
Ill Pandyan Revenue Terms in the Inscriptions of
Tiruchirapalli District and the former Pudukkottai State l 05
IV Socio- and Agro-economic terms in the Inscriptions of
Thanjavur District 128
4 ASPECTS OF LATER PERIODS 159
I NilJ akas as Lease-holders of Temple Lands 159
1
11 Ati ril!iiclars in the Ching]eput Area i11 the Seventeenth and
Eighteenth Centuries 165
Nores 181
BIBLIOGRAPHY 197
212
AoomoNAL BIBLIOGRAPHY
INDEX 219
Maps
Map I South India 2
Map II Private Landholding in the Lower Kaveri Valley 22
Map III Land Revenue Assessment in Chola Times 52
Map IV Cholama~<:{alam and Jayailgo~4acholamal}Qalam 59