Histories of the Hanged Histories of the Hanged The Dirty War in Kenya and the End of Empire David Anderson Copyright © 2005 by David Anderson Published in Great Britain under the title Histories of the Hanged: Britain’s Dirty War in Kenya and the End of Empire All rights reserved For information about permission to reproduce selections from this book, write to Permissions, W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 500 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10110 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Anderson, David, 1957– Histories of the hanged: the dirty war in Kenya and the end of empire / David Anderson.—1st American ed. p. cm.— Includes bibliographical references. ISBN: 978-0-39307974-6 1. Kenya—History—Mau Mau Emergency, 1952–1960. I. Title. DT433.577.A53 2005 967.62'03—dc22 2004024804 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. 500 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10110 www.wwnorton.com W.W. Norton & Company Ltd. Castle House, 75/76 Wells Street, London W1T 3QT Contents List of Maps and Tables Prologue: The Hanged 1 The Hidden History of an Anti-Colonial Rebellion Making a Rebellion Emerging Violence 2 Burying the Past Chief Waruhiu Jock Scott and Judge Thacker Going to War Christmas Eve in Nyeri 3 ‘Parasites in Paradise’: Race, Violence and Mau Mau ‘A sunny land for shady people’ Killing Bwana ‘Them or us’ Paradise Postponed 4 Death at Lari: The Story of an African Massacre Victims and Vengeance A Deeper History Courtroom Dramas Executions Colonial Consequences 5 Struggles in the City: Mau Mau in Nairobi African Life in Eastlands Terrorizing the Tai-tai Operation Anvil Fighting Back Corruption at City Hall 6 General China’s War: Freedom Fighters in the Forests Flight to the Forests Bugles and Battles Surrenders Psycho Docs and Pseudo Ops 7 Crimes of Punishment: Law and Disorder in Kikuyuland Carrots and Sticks Ruthagathi: Kenya’s Belsen Excessive Force The Gulag 8 Spoils of War: Decolonizing Kenya, Memorializing Mau Mau Coming Home Kenyatta: ‘The Reconciler’ Monuments, Museums, Movies Mathenge’s Return Appendix: Tables Notes Glossary Chronology Acknowledgements Maps and Tables Maps 1.i Kikuyuland, c. 1952 4.i Kiambu District, showing Lari and Tigoni, c. 1952 4.ii Tigoni Township Reserve, c. 1929, showing Kikuyu githakas 5.i Nairobi’s Eastlands in the 1950s 5.ii Nairobi and its environs, c. 1954 6.i The forest camps of the Aberdares (from Barnett & Njama) Tables 1.i Kenya’s population by race, selected years 1905–63 2.i Nyeri Christmas Eve attacks, December 1952: the convictions 3.i Murders of European settlers: the accused and their sentences 4.i The Lari hanged 5.i African population in Nairobi, by origin 5.ii Closure of shops in Pumwani, 1954 7.i Convictions for Mau Mau offences, October 1952 to March 1958 7.ii Capital punishment convictions in Kenya, October 1952 to October 1959 7.iii Monthly returns of Special Emergency Assize Courts, March 1954 to December 1956 7.iv Selected collective punishments in Kirinyaga, 1952–6 7.v Comparative prison populations, East and Central Africa, 1938 7.vi Daily average number of Mau Mau detainees and convicts, December 1954 to August 1959 Jomo Kenyatta, photographed at the Pan-African Congress meeting in Manchester, 1945. The co-defendants at the Kapenguria trial; Paul Ngei, Fred Kubai, Jomo Kenyatta, Achieng Oneko, Kungu Karumba and Bildad Kaggia wait to enter the courtroom.
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