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Histories of American Physical Anthropology in the Twentieth Century PDF

273 Pages·2012·1.77 MB·English
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L Biological Anthropology (cid:129) History of Anthropology Ki et ntl Histories of ne Histories of American Physical Anthropology in the Twentieth Century chronicles e a the growth and progress of the fi eld of physical anthropology in the United States, dn yd from its professional origins in the late 1800s up to its modern transformation in American Physical the late 1900s, when it became known as biological anthropology. Michael A. Little and Kenneth A. R. Kennedy have assembled an impressive group of thirteen scholars and anthropologists to elaborate on some of the various people, ideas, A n Anthropology in the traditions, and organizations that have contributed to the advancement of bio- t logical anthropology, which today focuses on the study of human variation and h evolution. They highlight episodes that contributed to the evolution of biological rH Twentieth Century anthropology into a science, touching on the shift from antiquated nineteenth- o i century practices to the contemporary application of modern scientifi c inquiry ps t o within the fi eld. o l or i Offering compelling accounts of the development of this scientifi c branch of ge anthropology, contributors provide a brief and readable background of Ameri- ys o can anthropology’s biobehavioral side. This edited collection is designed for i n f upper-level undergraduate students, graduate students, professional biological tA anthropologists, and those who wish to learn more about this thriving fi eld. hm ee Contributors r T i C. Loring Brace, Kaye Brown, Matt Cartmill, Eugene Giles, Bernice A. Kaplan, Kenneth wc A. R. Kennedy, Clark Spencer Larsen, Michael A. Little, Jonathan Marks, Donald J. ea ” nn Ortner, John H. Relethford, William A. Stini, Emoke J. E. Szathmáry t P i eh Michael A. Little is distinguished professor of anthropology at the State University ty of New York at Binghamton. hs i Cc Kenneth A. R. Kennedy is professor emeritus in the Department of Ecology and ea nl Evolutionary Biology at Cornell University. t u r y For orders and information please contact the publisher LEXINGTON BOOKS A division of Rowman & Littlefi eld Publishers, Inc. E M A. L 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200 DITED BY ICHAEL ITTLE Lanham, Maryland 20706 Cover image: Department of Anthropology staff, 1904, 1-800-462-6420 • www.lexingtonbooks.com Smithsonian Institution Archives, NAA-42012. K A. R. K AND ENNETH ENNEDY HHiissttoorriieessAAmmeerriiccaannPPOODDLLIITTHH..iinndddd 11 1111//2255//0099 1122::4488::0022 PPMM Histories of American Physical Anthropology in the Twentieth Century Histories of American Physical Anthropology in the Twentieth Century Edited by Michael A. Little and Kenneth A. R. Kennedy LEXINGTON BOOKS A division of ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS, INC. Lanham (cid:129) Boulder (cid:129) New York (cid:129) Toronto (cid:129) Plymouth, UK Published by Lexington Books A division of Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. A wholly owned subsidiary of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc. 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706 http://www.lexingtonbooks.com Estover Road Plymouth PL6 7PY United Kingdom Copyright © 2010 by Lexington Books All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems, without written permission from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote passages in a review. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Histories of American physical anthropology in the twentieth century / edited by Michael A. Little and Kenneth A. R. Kennedy. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-7391-3511-2 (cloth : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-0-7391-3513-6 (electronic) 1. Physical anthropology—United States—History—20th century. I. Little, Michael A. II. Kennedy, Kenneth A. R. GN50.45.U6H57 2010 599.90973—dc22 2009033984 Printed in the United States of America (cid:2) ™ The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992. Dedicated to Frank Spencer (1941–1999) This book is dedicated to Frank Spencer, who devoted most of his professional life to studying and documenting the history of physical/ biological anthropology. Many of his works serve as invaluable references in the chapters that follow. Contents Preface ix Contributors to the Volume xi Chapter One Introduction to the History of American Physical Anthropology 1 Michael A. Little and Kenneth A. R. Kennedy Chapter Two “Physical” Anthropology at the Turn of the Last Century 25 C. Loring Brace Chapter Three Franz Boas’s Place in American Physical Anthropology and Its Institutions 55 Michael A. Little Chapter Four Aleš Hrdlicˇka and the Founding of the American Journal of Physical Anthropology: 1918 87 Donald J. Ortner Chapter Five Principal Figures in Early 20th-Century Physical Anthropology: With Special Treatment of Forensic Anthropology 105 Kenneth A. R. Kennedy Chapter Six The Founding of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists: 1930 127 Emo˝ke J. E. Szathmáry vii viii Contents Chapter Seven Principal Figures in Physical Anthropology Before and During World War II 141 Eugene Giles Chapter Eight The Immediate Postwar Years: The Yearbook of Physical Anthropology and the Summer Seminars 155 Michael A. Little and Bernice A. Kaplan Chapter Nine Sherwood L. Washburn and “The New Physical Anthropology” 173 William A. Stini Chapter Ten The Two 20th-Century Crises of Racial Anthropology 187 Jonathan Marks Chapter Eleven Race and the Conflicts within the Profession of Physical Anthropology During the 1950s and 1960s 207 John H. Relethford Chapter Twelve 75 Years of the Annual Meetings of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists, 1930–2004 221 Kaye Brown and Matt Cartmill Chapter Thirteen Description, Hypothesis Testing, and Conceptual Advances in Physical Anthropology: Have We Moved On? 233 Clark Spencer Larsen Appendix 243 Index 249 Preface Most of the chapters in this volume were originally presented as contributions to a symposium organized by Little and Kennedy at the American Asso- ciation of Physical Anthropologists (AAPA) annual meeting in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, in 2005. This was an anniversary symposium marking the 75th year of the AAPA, and three of the contributors to this volume (Loring Brace, Matt Cartmill, and Eugene Giles) also contributed to the 50th anniversary volume in 1980 that was edited by Frank Spencer. Two of the chapters here were added to the collection after the symposium: an introduction to the collection by the editors and a biographical overview of the contributions to physical anthropology made by the founder of American anthropology, Franz Boas. The thirteen chapters that constitute the volume do not present a com- prehensive history of physical anthropology in the United States during the 20th century. Rather, they highlight numerous aspects of histories of this sci- ence as it developed to maturity during this period. The 20th century began in the United States with only a handful of physical anthropologists continuing antiquated 19th-century practices, and ended with 2,000 professional physi- cal anthropologists throughout the nation participating in modern scientific inquiry. Other major sources of historical and biographical documentation for physical anthropology are reviewed in Chapter 1. We acknowledge, with our thanks, the assistance of the organizers of the 2005 AAPA meeting and the editors of Lexington Books, particularly Alyc Helms, Jana Wilson, Melissa Wilks, and Patricia Stevenson, who guided this book through the production process. We also thank Adrienne V. Little, who provided valuable assistance with proofreading. ix

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Physical anthropology—United States—History—20th century. I. Little, . 20th century, Darwinian evolution was in decline, races or human popula- Sledzik, Paul S., Dirkmaat, Dennis, Mann, Robert W., Holland, Thomas D.,.
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