Historical Dictionary of Turkey

577 Pages·2009·2.55 MB·English

by  Metin Heper

HDTurkeyOFFLITH.qxd 12/30/08 12:39 PM Page 1
EUROPE HISTORY
HISTORICAL DICTIONARIES OF EUROPE, NO. 67
HEPER AND
CRISS
Although the Turks have been living in Anatolia for the last millennium,
THIRD EDITION
the country has undergone extensive Westernization since the end of
the 18th century. Tradition has not arrested modernization; rather, the
traditional has adapted to the modern. The revival of Islam and the
emergence of certain ethnic identities during recent decades have not
led to the reversal of democracy or economic progress. The private
sector is thriving and the economy continues to grow. H
i
s
At the turn of the 21st century, Turkey is the only Muslim country with
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a democratic political system. Because it belongs to both West and
o
East, Turkey’s Western credentials are more marked. A member of the
r
Council of Europe, North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), T i
c
Turkey is presently in negotiations with the European Union (EU) for full
U a
membership.
l
R
This third edition of Historical Dictionary of Turkeyexplores the history D
of this fascinating country through a chronology, introductory essay,
i
bibliography, and hundreds of cross-referenced dictionary entries on K c
important people, places, events, and institutions, as well as significant t
political, economic, social, and cultural aspects. E i TURKEY
o
Y
METIN HEPER is professor of political science at Bilkent University, n
Ankara, Turkey, and a founding member of the Turkish Academy of
a
Sciences.
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y
NUR BILGE CRISS is assistant professor of international relations at

Bilkent University, Ankara. o
f
THIRD
For orders and information please contact the publisher EDITION
SCARECROW PRESS, INC.
A wholly owned subsidiary of
METIN HEPER
The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc.
4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200 ISBN-13: 978-0-8108-5541-0
Lanham, Maryland 20706 ISBN-10: 0-8108-5541-0 NUR BILGE CRISS
1-800-462-6420
fax [phone]
www.scarecrowpress.com
HISTORICALDICTIONARIES OFEUROPE
Jon Woronoff, Series Editor
1. Portugal, byDouglas L. Wheeler. 1993. Out of print. See no. 40.
2. Turkey, by Metin Heper. 1994. Out of print. See no. 38.
3. Poland, by George Sanford and Adriana Gozdecka-Sanford. 1994.
Out of print. See no. 41.
4. Germany, by Wayne C. Thompson, Susan L. Thompson, and Juliet
S. Thompson. 1994.
5. Greece, by Thanos M. Veremis and Mark Dragoumis. 1995.
6. Cyprus, by Stavros Panteli. 1995.
7. Sweden, by Irene Scobbie. 1995. Out of print. See no. 48.
8. Finland, by George Maude. 1995. Out of print. See no. 49.
9. Croatia, by Robert Stallaerts and Jeannine Laurens. 1995. Out of
print. See no. 39.
10. Malta, by Warren G. Berg. 1995.
11. Spain, by Angel Smith. 1996. Out of print. See no. 65.
12. Albania, by Raymond Hutchings. 1996. Out of print. See no. 42.
13. Slovenia, by Leopoldina Plut-Pregelj and Carole Rogel. 1996. Out
of print. See no. 56.
14. Luxembourg, by Harry C. Barteau. 1996.
15. Romania, by Kurt W. Treptow and Marcel Popa. 1996.
16. Bulgaria, by Raymond Detrez. 1997. Out of print. See no. 46.
17. United Kingdom:Volume 1,England and the United Kingdom; Vol-
ume 2, Scotland,Wales, and Northern Ireland, by Kenneth J. Pan-
ton and Keith A. Cowlard. 1997, 1998.
18. Hungary, by Steven Béla Várdy. 1997.
19. Latvia, by Andrejs Plakans. 1997.
20. Ireland, by Colin Thomas and Avril Thomas. 1997.
21. Lithuania, by Saulius Suziedelis. 1997.
22. Macedonia,by Valentina Georgieva and Sasha Konechni. 1998.
23. The Czech State, by Jiri Hochman. 1998.
24. Iceland, by Gu∂mundur Hálfdanarson. 1997. Out of print. See no.
66.
25. Bosnia and Herzegovina, by Ante Cuvalo. 1997. Out of print. See
no. 57.
26. Russia, by Boris Raymond and Paul Duffy. 1998.
27. Gypsies (Romanies), by Donald Kenrick. 1998. Out of print.
28. Belarus,by Jan Zaprudnik. 1998.
29. Federal Republic of Yugoslavia,by Zeljan Suster. 1999.
30. France,by Gino Raymond. 1998. Out of print. See no. 64.
31. Slovakia, by Stanislav J. Kirschbaum. 1998. Out of print. See no.
47.
32. Netherlands, by Arend H. Huussen Jr. 1998. Out of print. See no.
55.
33. Denmark, by Alastair H. Thomas and Stewart P. Oakley. 1998. Out
of print. See no. 63.
34. Modern Italy, by Mark F. Gilbert and K. Robert Nilsson. 1998. Out
of print. See no. 58.
35. Belgium, by Robert Stallaerts. 1999.
36. Austria, by Paula Sutter Fichtner. 1999.
37. Republic of Moldova, by Andrei Brezianu. 2000. Out of print. See
no. 52.
38. Turkey,2nd edition,by Metin Heper. 2002. Out of print. See No. 67.
39. Republic of Croatia,2nd edition,by Robert Stallaerts. 2003.
40. Portugal,2nd edition, by Douglas L. Wheeler. 2002.
41. Poland,2nd edition,by George Sanford. 2003.
42. Albania,New edition,by Robert Elsie. 2004.
43. Estonia,by Toivo Miljan. 2004.
44. Kosova, by Robert Elsie. 2004.
45. Ukraine, by Zenon E. Kohut, Bohdan Y. Nebesio, and Myroslav
Yurkevich. 2005.
46. Bulgaria,2nd edition,by Raymond Detrez. 2006.
47. Slovakia,2nd edition,by Stanislav J. Kirschbaum. 2006.
48. Sweden,2nd edition,by Irene Scobbie. 2006.
49. Finland,2nd edition,by George Maude. 2007.
50. Georgia,by Alexander Mikaberidze. 2007.
51. Belgium,2nd edition,by Robert Stallaerts. 2007.
52. Moldova,2nd edition,by Andrei Brezianu and Vlad Spânu. 2007.
53. Switzerland,by Leo Schelbert. 2007.
54. Contemporary Germany,by Derek Lewis with Ulrike Zitzlsperger.
2007.
55. Netherlands,2nd edition,by Joop W. Koopmans and Arend H. Hu-
ussen Jr. 2007.
56. Slovenia, 2nd edition, by Leopoldina Plut-Pregelj and Carole Ro-
gel. 2007.
57. Bosnia and Herzegovina,2nd edition,by Ante Čuvalo. 2007.
58. Modern Italy, 2nd edition, by Mark F. Gilbert and K. Robert Nils-
son. 2007.
59. Belarus,2nd edition, by Vitali Silitski and Jan Zaprudnik. 2007.
60. Latvia,2nd edition,by Andrejs Plakans. 2008.
61. Contemporary United Kingdom,by Kenneth J. Panton and Keith A.
Cowlard. 2008.
62. Norway,by Jan Sjåvik. 2008.
63. Denmark,2nd edition,by Alastair H. Thomas. 2009.
64. France,2nd edition, by Gino Raymond. 2008.
65. Spain,2nd edition, by Angel Smith. 2008.
66. Iceland,2nd edition,by Gu∂munder Hálfdanarson. 2009.
67. Turkey,3rd edition,by Metin Heper and Nur Bilge Criss. 2009.

Historical Dictionary
of Turkey
Third Edition
Metin Heper
Nur Bilge Criss
Historical Dictionaries of Europe, No. 67
The Scarecrow Press, Inc.
Lanham, Maryland • Toronto • Plymouth, UK
2009
SCARECROWPRESS, INC.
Published in the United States of America
by Scarecrow Press, Inc.
Awholly owned subsidiary of
The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc.
4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706
www.scarecrowpress.com
Estover Road
Plymouth PL6 7PY
United Kingdom
Copyright ©2009 by Metin Heper and Nur Bilge Criss
All rights reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any
means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise,
without the prior permission of the publisher.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Heper, Metin.
Historical dictionary of Turkey / Metin Heper. — 3rd ed.
p. cm. — (Historical dictionaries of Europe ; no. 67)
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN-13: 978-0-8108-6065-0 (cloth : alk. paper)
ISBN-10: 0-8108-6065-1 (cloth : alk. paper)
ISBN-13: 978-0-8108-6281-4 (ebook)
ISBN-10: 0-8108-6281-6 (ebook)
1. Turkey–History–Dictionaries. I. Criss, Bilge. II. Title.
DR436.H47 2009
956.1003–dc22 2008031828
∞™
The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of
American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper
for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992.
Manufactured in the United States of America.
Contents
Editor’s Foreword Jon Woronoff ix
Maps xi
Acknowledgments xix
Reader’s Note xxi
Acronyms and Abbreviations xxiii
Chronology xxix
Introduction lxvii
THE DICTIONARY 1
Appendixes
A Geography and Resources 341
B Ottoman Sultans and Turkish Presidents and
Prime Ministers 343
C General Elections in the Republican Period
(1923 to the Present) 349
D Basic Economic Indicators 355
E Basic Social Indicators 357
Bibliography 359
About the Authors 479
vii

Editor’s Foreword
Turkey, not so long ago dismissed as the “end” of Europe, has increas-
ingly become a center of regional affairs. After decades as a bastion
against the Soviet Union, it can finally deal normally with Eastern Eu-
ropean countries and the successor states of the Soviet Union. Some of
these areas were previously part of the Ottoman-Turkish sphere; several
still share the similar religion and historic roots. Contacts with the Mid-
dle East are much closer now, facilitated by a common religion and mu-
tual economic interests. Yet, while restoring and intensifying these rela-
tions, Turkey has never turned away from the West. To the contrary,
since the 1960s, Turkey has been seeking closer economic and political
links and aspiring to membership in the European Union while remain-
ing an ally of the United States; however, to understand today’s Turkey,
it is essential to look further back in history, particularly to the creation
of the modern secular state by Atatürk and then yet further to its origins
of the Ottoman Empire in the 14th century.
This span of seven centuries readily explains the importance of “his-
torical” in the book’s title, since history—recent and much older—
looms large in what is taking place today and can hardly be understood
without sufficient background. The chronology overviews just what did
happen and when. The introduction helpfully places the present situa-
tion in the broader context of the past, while also looking into the fu-
ture. The dictionary, with both new and revised entries, contains de-
scriptions of significant individuals (sultans and prime ministers,
soldiers and civilians, educators and artists); major places and institu-
tions; and basic issues in such fields as politics, economics, education,
religion, and culture. Finally, the bibliography surveys the literature on
Turkey and directs readers to key works on a variety of topics.
This is already the third edition of Historical Dictionary of Turkey.
The first two editions were written by Metin Heper, who wrote part of
ix