Historical Dictionary of the Etruscans (Historical Dictionaries of Ancient Civilizations and Historical Eras)

361 Pages·2009·2.19 MB·English

by  Simon K.F. Stoddart

Historical Dictionaries of
Ancient Civilizations and Historical Eras
Series Editor: Jon Woronoff
1. Ancient Egypt, by Morris L. Bierbrier, 1999. Out of print. See No.
22.
2. Ancient Mesoamerica, by Joel W. Palka, 2000.
3. Pre-Colonial Africa, by Robert O. Collins, 2001.
4. Byzantium, by John H. Rosser, 2001.
5. Medieval Russia, by Lawrence N. Langer, 2001.
6. Napoleonic Era, by George F. Nafziger, 2001.
7. Ottoman Empire, by Selcuk Aksin Somel, 2003.
8. Mongol World Empire, by Paul D. Buell, 2003.
9. Mesopotamia, by Gwendolyn Leick, 2003.
10. Ancient and Medieval Nubia, by Richard A. Lobban Jr., 2003.
11. The Vikings, by Katherine Holman, 2003.
12. The Renaissance, by Charles G. Nauert, 2004.
13. Ancient Israel, by Niels Peter Lemche, 2004.
14. The Hittites, by Charles Burney, 2004.
15. Early North America, by Cameron B. Wesson, 2005.
16. The Enlightenment, by Harvey Chisick, 2005.
17. Cultural Revolution, by Guo Jian, Yongyi Song, and Yuan Zhou,
2006.
18. Ancient Southeast Asia, by John N. Miksic, 2007.
19. Medieval China, by Victor Cunrui Xiong, 2009.
20. Medieval India, by Iqtidar Alam Khan, 2008.
21. Ancient South America, by Martin Giesso, 2008.
22. Egypt, 2nd ed., by Morris L. Bierbrier, 2008.
23. India, by Kumkum Roy, 2009.
24. The Etruscans, by Simon K. F. Stoddart, 2009.

Historical Dictionary
of the Etruscans
Simon K. F. Stoddart
Historical Dictionaries of Ancient
Civilizations, No. 24
The Scarecrow Press, Inc.
Lanham, Maryland • Toronto • Plymouth, UK
2009
SCARECROW PRESS, INC.
Published in the United States of America
by Scarecrow Press, Inc.
A wholly owned subsidiary of
The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc.
4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706
www.scarecrowpress.com
Estover Road
Plymouth PL6 7PY
United Kingdom
Copyright © 2009 by Simon K. F. Stoddart
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any
means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise,
without the prior permission of the publisher.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Stoddart, Simon K. F., 1958–
Historical dictionary of the Etruscans / Simon K. F. Stoddart.
p. cm. — (Historical dictionaries of ancient civilizations ; no. 24)
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 978-0-8108-5471-0 (cloth : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-0-8108-6304-0
(ebook)
1. Etruscans—Dictionaries. 2. Etruria—Antiquities—Dictionaries. 3. Italy—
Antiquities—Dictionaries. I. Title. DG223.S776 2009
937’.501—dc22 2008053115
(cid:2) ™
The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of
American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper
for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992.
Manufactured in the United States of America.
Contents
Editor’s Foreword Jon Woronoff vii
List of Illustrations ix
Preface xi
Maps xiii
Chronology xvii
Introduction xix
THE DICTIONARY 1
Appendix: Museums and Research Institutions 221
Bibliography 263
About the Author 320
v

Editor’s Foreword
The Etruscans are among the most fascinating peoples of the ancient
world, sufficiently so that they have aroused interest in their contempo-
raries and successors and encouraged active and dedicated research by
amateurs and specialists in Italy and other parts of Europe over the past
several centuries. Alas, what we currently know about the Etruscans, as
compared to the Greeks, Romans, or Egyptians, is still quite limited—
partly because the civilization’s physical remains are relatively few and
many have been obscured by their successors. But information is be-
ing accumulated, and more is known about specific groups and areas,
which contributes to a varied and subtle insight into the community as
a whole. This applies to many sectors: architecture, economy, lifestyle,
culture, and gender relations. Thus, a volume on the Etruscans is cer-
tainly merited and most welcome.
Like the other volumes in this particular series, the first main section
is the chronology, which reviews the civilization’s long evolution and
“disappearance.” The introduction further locates the Etruscans geo-
graphically and describes the workings of their society. The dictionary
section contains numerous entries on specific settlements and cities
(and their related archeological work), pioneering Etruscologists and
their techniques, and Etruscan achievements. The appendix provides a
list of museums and exhibits, and the bibliography provides sources for
further reading.
With Etruscology being such a diversified and rapidly evolving
field—with many specialists working in different places, on different
aspects, and not always agreeing with one another—it is certainly im-
portant to have an author with a broad view. This has been provided by
Simon K. F. Stoddart, whose interest in the Etruscans reaches back more
than two decades, when he obtained a doctorate from Cambridge Uni-
versity. Since then, he has been both fellow and lecturer at Cambridge,
vii
viii (cid:129) EDITOR’S FOREWORD
Oxford, York, and Bristol universities. He has taught and lectured,
engaged in or directed a number of fieldwork projects in central Italy,
and written or edited several books and numerous articles on Etruscan
Italy and related subjects. He was until recently editor of the journal
Antiquity. This background explains the unusually broad coverage and
exceptional variety of material in this latest addition to the series, the
long awaited Historical Dictionary of the Etruscans.
Jon Woronoff
Series Editor
Illustrations
Map of the relationship of Etruria to Peninsular Italy. xiii
Map of major geographical features of Etruscan Italy. xiv
Map of major Etruscan cities and settlements. xv
The Regolini Galassi tomb at Caere. xxv
Hybrid creature from a funerary context (Tomb of the Bulls,
Tarquinia). xxix
Domestic structures at Accesa Lake. 2
Plan of courtyard structure at Acquarossa. 4
Type 3 Etruscan storage amphora. 12
Diagram of Villanovan hut urn. 25
Later tombs at the Banditaccia cemetery of Caere. 35
Section showing cremation burials at Veii. 60
Plan of the settlement at La Doganella. 69
Plans of domestic architecture at Acquarossa. 70
A vase by the Micali painter. 75
The acropolis of Marzabotto. 118
The courtyard structure at Murlo. 131
Tomb at Nepi. 135
View of Orvieto from the west. 142
Tomb at Quinto Fiorentino. 161
An Etruscan ship from a vase of the Pittore delle Palme,
seventh century BC. 178
The Etruscan symposium from a terracotta at Murlo. 185
One of the northern gateways of Tarquinia from inside the city. 188
The Banditaccia cemetery at Caere. 196
Cross section through the volcanic tuffs in the South Etruria area. 201
The deserted plateau of Veii today. 206
The difference in style between women, left, and men, right
(Tomb of the Leopards, Tarquinia). 218
ix