The historical dictionaries present essential information on a broad range of subjects, includingAmericanandworldhistory,art,business,cities,countries,cultures,customs, film, global conflicts, international relations, literature, music, philosophy, religion, sports,andtheater.Writtenbyexperts,allcontainhighlyinformativeintroductoryessays of the topic and detailed chronologies that, in some cases, cover vast historical time periodsbutstillmanagetoheavilyfeaturemorerecentevents. BriefA–Zentriesdescribethemainpeople,events,politics,socialissues,institutions, and policies that make the topic unique, and entries are cross-referenced for ease of browsing.Extensivebibliographiesaredividedintoseveralgeneralsubjectareas,provid- ingexcellentaccesspointsforstudents,researchers,andanyonewantingtoknowmore. Additionally, maps, photographs, and appendixes of supplemental information aid high schoolandcollegestudentsdoingtermpapersorintroductoryresearchprojects.Inshort, thehistoricaldictionariesaretheperfectstartingpointforanyonelookingtoresearchin thesefields. HISTORICALDICTIONARIESOFLITERATURE ANDTHEARTS JonWoronoff,SeriesEditor ScienceFictionLiterature,byBrianStableford,2004. HongKongCinema,byLisaOdhamStokes,2007. AmericanRadioSoapOperas,byJimCox,2005. JapaneseTraditionalTheatre,bySamuelL.Leiter,2006. FantasyLiterature,byBrianStableford,2005. AustralianandNewZealandCinema,byAlbertMoranandErrolVieth,2006. African-AmericanTelevision,byKathleenFearn-Banks,2006. LesbianLiterature,byMeredithMiller,2006. ScandinavianLiteratureandTheater,byJanSjåvik,2006. BritishRadio,bySeánStreet,2006. GermanTheater,byWilliamGrange,2006. AfricanAmericanCinema,byS.TorrianoBerryandVeniseBerry,2006. SacredMusic,byJosephP.Swain,2006. RussianTheater,byLaurenceSenelick,2007. FrenchCinema,byDaynaOscherwitzandMaryEllenHiggins,2007. PostmodernistLiteratureandTheater,byFranMason,2007. IrishCinema,byRoderickFlynnandPatBrereton,2007. AustralianRadioandTelevision,byAlbertMoranandChrisKeating,2007. PolishCinema,byMarekHaltof,2007. OldTimeRadio,byRobertC.ReinehrandJonD.Swartz,2008. RenaissanceArt,byLilianH.Zirpolo,2008. BroadwayMusical,byWilliamA.EverettandPaulR.Laird,2008. AmericanTheater:Modernism,byJamesFisherandFeliciaHardisonLondré,2008. GermanCinema,byRobertC.ReimerandCarolJ.Reimer,2008. HorrorCinema,byPeterHutchings,2008. WesternsinCinema,byPaulVarner,2008. ChineseTheater,byTanYe,2008. ItalianCinema,byGinoMoliterno,2008. Architecture,byAllisonLeePalmer,2008. RussianandSovietCinema,byPeterRollberg,2008. AfricanAmericanTheater,byAnthonyD.Hill,2009. PostwarGermanLiterature,byWilliamGrange,2009. ModernJapaneseLiteratureandTheater,byJ.ScottMiller,2009. AnimationandCartoons,byNicholaDobson,2009. ModernChineseLiterature,byLi-huaYing,2010. MiddleEasternCinema,byTerriGinsbergandChrisLippard,2010. SpanishCinema,byAlbertoMira,2010. FilmNoir,byAndrewSpicer,2010. FrenchTheater,byEdwardForman,2010. ChoralMusic,byMelvinP.Unger,2010. WesternsinLiterature,byPaulVarner,2010. BaroqueArtandArchitecture,byLilianH.Zirpolo,2010. Surrealism,byKeithAspley,2010. ScienceFictionCinema,byM.KeithBooker,2010. LatinAmericanLiteratureandTheater,byRichardA.YoungandOdileCisneros,2011. Children’sLiterature,byEmerO’Sullivan,2010. GermanLiteratureto1945,byWilliamGrange,2011. NeoclassicalArtandArchitecture,byAllisonLeePalmer,2011. AmericanCinema,byM.KeithBooker,2011. AmericanTheater:Contemporary,byJamesFisher,2011. EnglishMusic:ca.1400–1958,byCharlesEdwardMcGuireandStevenE.Plank,2011. RococoArt,byJenniferD.Milam,2011. RomanticArtandArchitecture,byAllisonLeePalmer,2011. JapaneseCinema,byJasperSharp,2011. ModernandContemporaryClassicalMusic,byNicoleV.Gagné,2012. RussianMusic,byDanielJaffé,2012. MusicoftheClassicalPeriod,byBertilvanBoer,2012. HolocaustCinema,byRobertC.ReimerandCarolJ.Reimer,2012. AsianAmericanLiteratureandTheater,byWenjingXu,2012. BeatMovement,byPaulVarner,2012. Jazz,byJohnS.Davis,2012. CrimeFilms,byGeoffMayer,2013. Scandinavian Cinema, by John Sundholm, Isak Thorsen, Lars Gustaf Andersson, Olof Hedling,GunnarIversen,andBirgirThorMøller,2013. ChineseCinema,byTanYeandYunZhu,2013. TaiwanCinema,byDaw-MingLee,2013. RussianLiterature,byJonathanStone,2013. GothicLiterature,byWilliamHughes,2013. FrenchLiterature,byJohnFlower,2013. BaroqueMusic,byJosephP.Swain,2013. Opera,byScottL.Balthazar,2013. BritishCinema,byAlanBurtonandSteveChibnall,2013. RomanticMusic,byJohnMichaelCooperwithRandyKinnett,2013. BritishTheatre:EarlyPeriod,byDarryllGrantley,2013. SouthAmericanCinema,byPeterH.Rist,2014. African American Television, Second Edition, by Kathleen Fearn-Banks and Anne Bur- ford-Johnson,2014. JapaneseTraditionalTheatre,SecondEdition,bySamuelL.Leiter,2014. ScienceFictioninLiterature,byM.KeithBooker,2015. RomanticisminLiterature,byPaulVarner,2015. Historical Dictionary of Science Fiction in Literature M. Keith Booker ROWMAN&LITTLEFIELD Lanham•Boulder•NewYork•London PublishedbyRowman&Littlefield AwhollyownedsubsidiaryofTheRowman&LittlefieldPublishingGroup,Inc. 4501ForbesBoulevard,Suite200,Lanham,Maryland20706 www.rowman.com 16CarlisleStreet,LondonW1D3BT,UnitedKingdom Copyright©2015byM.KeithBooker Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereproducedinanyformorbyany electronicormechanicalmeans,includinginformationstorageandretrievalsystems, withoutwrittenpermissionfromthepublisher,exceptbyareviewerwhomayquote passagesinareview. BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationInformationAvailable LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Booker,M.Keith. Historicaldictionaryofsciencefictioninliterature/M.KeithBooker. pagescm.—(Historicaldictionariesofliteratureandthearts) Includesbibliographicalreferences. Summary:“TheHistoricalDictionaryofScienceFictioninLiteraturecoversthehistoryofscience fictioninliteraturethroughachronology,anintroduction,andanextensivebibliography.Thedic- tionarysectionhasmorethan300cross-referencedentriessignificantpeople,themes,criticalissues, andthemostsignificantgenresthathaveformedsciencefictionliterature.Thisbookisanexcellent referenceforstudents,researchers,andanyonewantingtoknowmoreaboutthissubject.”—Pro- videdbypublisher. ISBN978-0-8108-7883-9(cloth:alk.paper)—ISBN978-0-8108-7884-6(ebook) 1.Sciencefiction—Dictionaries.2.Sciencefiction—Historyandcriticism—Handbooks,manuals, etc.I.Title.II.Title:Dictionaryofsciencefictioninliterature. PN3433.4.B662015 809.3’876203—dc23 2014020877 TMThepaperusedinthispublicationmeetstheminimumrequirementsofAmerican NationalStandardforInformationSciencesPermanenceofPaperforPrintedLibrary Materials,ANSI/NISOZ39.48-1992. PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica. ForBenjaminBooker,SkylorBooker,andAdamBooker