Historical Dictionary of Libya (African Historical Dictionaries - First

449 Pages·2009·10.71 MB·English

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africa history
HISTORICAL DICTIONARIES OF AFRICA, NO. 100 ST JOHN
FOURTH EDITION
“A remarkably accessible assembly of useful information . . . a good buy.”
—Libyan Studies
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“A useful work for both the specialist and the amateur.”
—Middle East Studies Association Bulletin
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The Great Socialist People’s Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, more commonly t
known as Libya, resides on the periphery of three worlds: Arab,
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African, and Mediterranean. Libya’s strategic location, combined with
its oil wealth and revolutionary leadership, have kept this isolated, sparsely
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populated country in the headlines for much of the last four decades.
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This fourth edition of Historical Dictionary of Libyaprovides a much-needed c
economic, cultural, historical, geographical, and political perspective of the o
old as well as the new Libya. More than a quarter of the information is either a
new or substantially revised and updated since the last edition. Through its f
l
maps, a list of acronyms, a chronology, an introductory essay, a comprehen-
sive bibliography, and hundreds of cross-referenced dictionary entries on sig- l
D
nificant events, places, personalities, and ideas, this invaluable reference
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examines everything from the Arab conquest of twelve centuries ago to the b
state of the country after the September Revolution on September 1, 1969, i libya
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and the dominance of the Qaddafi regime.
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Ronald Bruce St John is an independent scholar specializing in the political i
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economics of developing states. He has published more than 300 books and
articles on North Africa, the Middle East, Southeast Asia, and Latin America.
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y
For orders and information please contact the publisher
Scarecrow Press, Inc.
FOURTH
A wholly owned subsidiary of EDITION
The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc.
RONALD BRUCE ST JOHN
4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200
Lanham, Maryland 20706
ISBN-13: 978-0-8108-5303-4
ISBN-10: 0-8108-5303-5
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HISTORICALDICTIONARIES OFAFRICA
Edited by Jon Woronoff
1. Cameroon, by Victor T. Le Vine and Roger P. Nye. 1974. Out of
print. See No. 48.
2. The Congo, 2nd ed., by Virginia Thompson and Richard Adloff.
1984. Out of print. See No. 69.
3. Swaziland,by John J. Grotpeter. 1975.
4. The Gambia, 2nd ed., by Harry A. Gailey. 1987. Out of print. See
No. 79.
5. Botswana,by Richard P. Stevens. 1975. Out of print. See No. 70.
6. Somalia,by Margaret F. Castagno. 1975. Out of print. See No. 87.
7. Benin (Dahomey), 2nd ed., by Samuel Decalo. 1987. Out of print.
See No. 61.
8. Burundi,by Warren Weinstein. 1976. Out of print. See No. 73.
9. Togo,3rd ed., by Samuel Decalo. 1996.
10. Lesotho,by Gordon Haliburton. 1977. Out of print. See No. 90.
11. Mali,3rd ed., by Pascal James Imperato. 1996.
12. Sierra Leone,by Cyril Patrick Foray. 1977.
13. Chad,3rd ed., by Samuel Decalo. 1997.
14. Upper Volta,by Daniel Miles McFarland. 1978.
15. Tanzania,by Laura S. Kurtz. 1978.
16. Guinea, 3rd ed., by Thomas O’Toole with Ibrahima Bah-Lalya.
1995. Out of print. See No. 94.
17. Sudan,by John Voll. 1978. Out of print. See No. 53.
18. Rhodesia/Zimbabwe, by R. Kent Rasmussen. 1979. Out of print.
See No. 46.
19. Zambia, 2nd ed., by John J. Grotpeter, Brian V. Siegel, and James
R. Pletcher. 1998.
20. Niger,3rd ed., by Samuel Decalo. 1997.
21. Equatorial Guinea,3rd ed., by Max Liniger-Goumaz. 2000.
22. Guinea-Bissau, 3rd ed., by Richard Lobban and Peter Mendy.
1997.
23. Senegal,by Lucie G. Colvin. 1981. Out of print. See No. 65.
24. Morocco,by William Spencer. 1980. Out of print. See No. 71.
25. Malawi,by Cynthia A. Crosby. 1980. Out of print. See No. 84.
26. Angola,by Phyllis Martin. 1980. Out of print. See No. 92.
06-234 (01) Front.qxd 5/24/06 5:23 AM Page ii
27. The Central African Republic,by Pierre Kalck. 1980. Out of print.
See No. 51.
28. Algeria,by Alf Andrew Heggoy. 1981. Out of print. See No. 66.
29. Kenya,by Bethwell A. Ogot. 1981. Out of print. See No. 77.
30. Gabon,by David E. Gardinier. 1981. Out of print. See No. 58.
31. Mauritania,by Alfred G. Gerteiny. 1981. Out of print. See No. 68.
32. Ethiopia, by Chris Prouty and Eugene Rosenfeld. 1981. Out of
print. See No. 91.
33. Libya, 3rd ed., by Ronald Bruce St John. 1998. Out of print. See
No. 100.
34. Mauritius,by Lindsay Riviere. 1982.Out of print. See No. 49.
35. Western Sahara,by Tony Hodges. 1982. Out of print. See No. 55.
36. Egypt,by Joan Wucher King. 1984. Out of print. See No. 89.
37. South Africa,by Christopher Saunders. 1983. Out of print. See No. 78.
38. Liberia, by D. Elwood Dunn and Svend E. Holsoe. 1985. Out of
print. See No. 83.
39. Ghana,by Daniel Miles McFarland. 1985.Out of print. See No. 63.
40. Nigeria,2nd ed., by Anthony Oyewole and John Lucas. 2000.
41. Côte d’Ivoire (The Ivory Coast),2nd ed., by Robert J. Mundt. 1995.
42. Cape Verde,2nd ed., by Richard Lobban and Marilyn Halter. 1988.
Out of print. See No. 62.
43. Zaire,by F. Scott Bobb. 1988. Out of print. See No. 76.
44. Botswana, 2nd ed., by Fred Morton, Andrew Murray, and Jeff
Ramsay. 1989. Out of print. See No. 70.
45. Tunisia,2nd ed., by Kenneth J. Perkins. 1997.
46. Zimbabwe, 2nd ed., by Steven C. Rubert and R. Kent Rasmussen.
1990. Out of print. See No. 86.
47. Mozambique,by Mario Azevedo. 1991. Out of print. See No. 88.
48. Cameroon,2nd ed., by Mark W. DeLancey and H. Mbella Mokeba.
1990.
49. Mauritius,2nd ed., by Sydney Selvon. 1991.
50. Madagascar,by Maureen Covell. 1995. Out of print. See No. 98.
51. The Central African Republic, 2nd ed., by Pierre Kalck, translated
by Thomas O’Toole. 1992. Out of print. See No. 93.
52. Angola, 2nd ed., by Susan H. Broadhead. 1992. Out of print. See
No. 92.
53. Sudan,2nd ed., by Carolyn Fluehr-Lobban, Richard A. Lobban Jr.,
and John Obert Voll. 1992. Out of print. See No. 85.
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54. Malawi,2nd ed., by Cynthia A. Crosby. 1993. Out of print. See No.
84.
55. Western Sahara,2nd ed., by Anthony Pazzanita and Tony Hodges.
1994. Out of print. See No. 96.
56. Ethiopia and Eritrea,2nd ed., by Chris Prouty and Eugene Rosen-
feld. 1994. Out of print. See No. 91.
57. Namibia,by John J. Grotpeter. 1994.
58. Gabon,2nd ed., by David E. Gardinier. 1994.
59. Comoro Islands, by Martin Ottenheimer and Harriet Ottenheimer.
1994.
60. Rwanda,by Learthen Dorsey. 1994.
61. Benin,3rd ed., by Samuel Decalo. 1995.
62. Republic of Cape Verde, 3rd ed., by Richard Lobban and Marlene
Lopes. 1995.
63. Ghana,2nd ed., by David Owusu-Ansah and Daniel Miles McFar-
land. 1995. Out of print. See No. 97.
64. Uganda,by M. Louise Pirouet. 1995.
65. Senegal, 2nd ed., by Andrew F. Clark and Lucie Colvin Phillips.
1994.
66. Algeria,2nd ed., by Phillip Chiviges Naylor and Alf Andrew Heg-
goy. 1994.
67. Egypt, 2nd ed., by Arthur Goldschmidt Jr. 1994. Out of print. See
No. 89.
68. Mauritania,2nd ed., by Anthony G. Pazzanita. 1996.
69. Congo, 3rd ed., by Samuel Decalo, Virginia Thompson, and
Richard Adloff. 1996.
70. Botswana, 3rd ed., by Jeff Ramsay, Barry Morton, and Fred Mor-
ton. 1996.
71. Morocco,by Thomas K. Park. 1996. Out of Print. See No. 95.
72. Tanzania,2nd ed., by Thomas P. Ofcansky and Rodger Yeager. 1997.
73. Burundi,2nd ed., by Ellen K. Eggers. 1997.
74. Burkina Faso, 2nd ed., by Daniel Miles McFarland and Lawrence
Rupley. 1998.
75. Eritrea,by Tom Killion. 1998.
76. Democratic Republic of the Congo (Zaire),by F. Scott Bobb. 1999.
(Revised edition of Historical Dictionary of Zaire, No. 43)
77. Kenya, 2nd ed., by Robert M. Maxon and Thomas P. Ofcansky.
2000.
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78. South Africa, 2nd ed., by Christopher Saunders and Nicholas
Southey. 2000.
79. The Gambia, 3rd ed., by Arnold Hughes and Harry A. Gailey.
2000.
80. Swaziland,2nd ed., by Alan R. Booth. 2000.
81. Republic of Cameroon,3rd ed., by Mark W. DeLancey and Mark
Dike DeLancey. 2000.
82. Djibouti,by Daoud A. Alwan and Yohanis Mibrathu. 2000.
83. Liberia, 2nd ed., by D. Elwood Dunn, Amos J. Beyan, and Carl
Patrick Burrowes. 2001.
84. Malawi, 3rd ed., by Owen J. Kalinga and Cynthia A. Crosby.
2001.
85. Sudan, 3rd ed., by Richard A. Lobban Jr., Robert S. Kramer, and
Carolyn Fluehr-Lobban. 2002.
86. Zimbabwe,3rd ed.,by Steven C. Rubert and R. Kent Rasmussen.
2001.
87. Somalia,2nd ed., by Mohamed Haji Mukhtar. 2002.
88. Mozambique, 2nd ed., by Mario Azevedo, Emmanuel Nnadozie,
and Tomé Mbuia João. 2003.
89. Egypt, 3rd ed., by Arthur Goldschmidt Jr. and Robert Johnston.
2003.
90. Lesotho, by Scott Rosenberg, Richard Weisfelder, and Michelle
Frisbie-Fulton. 2004.
91. Ethiopia,New Edition,by David H. Shinn and Thomas P. Ofcan-
sky. 2004.
92. Angola,New Edition,by W. Martin James. 2004.
93. Central African Republic, 3rd ed., by Pierre Kalck, translated by
Xavier-Samuel Kalck. 2005.
94. Guinea,4th ed.,by Thomas O’Toole with Janice E. Baker. 2005.
95. Morocco,2nd ed., by Thomas K. Park and Aomar Boum. 2006.
96. Western Sahara,3rd ed., by Anthony G. Pazzanita. 2005.
97. Ghana,3rd ed., by David Owusu-Ansah. 2005.
98. Madagascar, 2nd ed., by Philip M. Allen and Maureen Covell.
2005.
99. Sierra Leone,New Edition, by C. Magbaily Fyle. 2005.
100. Libya,4th ed., by Ronald Bruce St John. 2006.
06-234 (01) Front.qxd 5/24/06 5:23 AM Page v
Historical Dictionary
of Libya
Fourth Edition
Ronald Bruce St John
Historical Dictionaries of Africa, No. 100
The Scarecrow Press, Inc.
Lanham, Maryland • Toronto • Oxford
2006
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SCARECROWPRESS, INC.
Published in the United States of America
by Scarecrow Press, Inc.
Awholly owned subsidiary of
The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc.
4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706
www.scarecrowpress.com
PO Box 317
Oxford
OX2 9RU, UK
Copyright ©2006 by Ronald Bruce St John
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any
means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise,
without the prior permission of the publisher.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
St John, Ronald Bruce
Historical dictionary of Libya / Ronald Bruce St John. — 4th ed.
p. cm. — (Historical dictionaries of Africa)
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN-13: 978-0-8108-5303-4 (hardcover : alk. paper)
ISBN-10: 0-8108-5303-5 (hardcover : alk. paper)
1. Libya—History—Dictionaries. I. Title. II. Series.
DT223.3.S7 2006
961.2003—dc22
2006002525
(cid:2)™
The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of
American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of
Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992.
Manufactured in the United States of America.
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To Frances Bailey St John
Mother, Teacher, Friend
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Contents
Editor’s Foreword Jon Woronoff xi
Preface xiii
Acknowledgments xv
Reader’s Note xvii
Acronyms and Abbreviations xix
Maps xxiii
Chronology xxxi
Introduction xlvii
THE DICTIONARY 1
Appendixes
A Libya Fact Sheet 289
B Karamanli Dynasty, 1711–1835 293
C Turkish Governors of Libya, 1835–1911 295
D Libyan Cabinets, 1952–1969 297
E Revolutionary Command Council, January 1970 299
F Libyan Government, October 2005 301
G Recoverable Oil Reserves, 1967–2004 303
H Selected Chronology of Sanctions against Libya 305
Glossary 307
Bibliography 313
About the Author 403
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