.d e vre se r sth g ir llA .sre h silb u P d le ife lttiL & n a m w o R .9 1 0 2 © th g iryp o C 11:55:44. The historical dictionaries present essential information on a broad range of subjects, includingAmericanandworld history,art, business,cities,countries, cultures, customs, film, global conflicts, international relations, literature, music, philosophy, religion, sports,andtheater.Writtenbyexperts,allcontainhighlyinformativeintroductoryessays on the topic and detailed chronologies that, in some cases, cover vast historical time periodsbutstillmanagetoheavilyfeaturemorerecentevents. BriefA–Zentriesdescribethemainpeople,events,politics,socialissues,institutions, and policies that make the topic unique, and entries are cross-referenced for ease of browsing.Extensivebibliographiesaredividedintoseveralgeneralsubjectareas,provid- ingexcellentaccesspointsforstudents,researchers,andanyonewantingtoknowmore. Additionally, maps, photographs, and appendixes of supplemental information aid high schoolandcollegestudentsdoingtermpapersorintroductoryresearchprojects.Inshort, thehistoricaldictionariesaretheperfectstartingpointforanyonelookingtoresearchin thesefields. .d e vre se r sth g ir llA .sre h silb u P d le ife lttiL & n a m w o R .9 1 0 2 © th g iryp o C 11:55:44. HISTORICALDICTIONARIESOF LITERATUREANDTHEARTS JonWoronoff,SeriesEditor AmericanRadioSoapOperas,byJimCox,2005. FantasyLiterature,byBrianStableford,2005. LesbianLiterature,byMeredithMiller,2006. ScandinavianLiteratureandTheater,byJanSjåvik,2006. HongKongCinema,byLisaOdhamStokes,2007. FrenchCinema,byDaynaOscherwitzandMaryEllenHiggins,2007. IrishCinema,byRoderickFlynnandPatBrereton,2007. AustralianRadioandTelevision,byAlbertMoranandChrisKeating,2007. PolishCinema,byMarekHaltof,2007. OldTimeRadio,byRobertC.ReinehrandJonD.Swartz,2008. GermanCinema,byRobertC.ReimerandCarolJ.Reimer,2008. ChineseTheater,byTanYe,2008. ItalianCinema,byGinoMoliterno,2008. AfricanAmericanTheater,byAnthonyD.Hill,2009. PostwarGermanLiterature,byWilliamGrange,2009. ModernJapaneseLiteratureandTheater,byJ.ScottMiller,2009. AnimationandCartoons,byNicholaDobson,2009. ModernChineseLiterature,byLi-huaYing,2010. MiddleEasternCinema,byTerriGinsbergandChrisLippard,2010. SpanishCinema,byAlbertoMira,2010. FilmNoir,byAndrewSpicer,2010. FrenchTheater,byEdwardForman,2010. ChoralMusic,byMelvinP.Unger,2010. WesternsinLiterature,byPaulVarner,2010. Surrealism,byKeithAspley,2010. .d ScienceFictionCinema,byM.KeithBooker,2010. e vre Children’sLiterature,byEmerO’Sullivan,2010. se LatinAmericanLiteratureandTheater,byRichardA.YoungandOdileCisneros,2011. r sth GermanLiteratureto1945,byWilliamGrange,2011. g ir llA NeoclassicalArtandArchitecture,byAllisonLeePalmer,2011. .sreh AAmmeerriiccaannCThineeamtear,:bCyoMnt.emKepiothraBryo,obkyerJ,a2m0e1s1.Fisher,2011. silb EnglishMusic:ca.1400–1958,byCharlesEdwardMcGuireandStevenE.Plank,2011. u P d RococoArt,byJenniferD.Milam,2011. leife RomanticArtandArchitecture,byAllisonLeePalmer,2011. lttiL JapaneseCinema,byJasperSharp,2011. & n ModernandContemporaryClassicalMusic,byNicoleV.Gagné,2012. am RussianMusic,byDanielJaffé,2012. w o MusicoftheClassicalPeriod,byBertilvanBoer,2012. R .9 HolocaustCinema,byRobertC.ReimerandCarolJ.Reimer,2012. 1 02 AsianAmericanLiteratureandTheater,byWenjingXu,2012. © th BeatMovement,byPaulVarner,2012. giryp Jazz,byJohnS.Davis,2012. o CrimeFilms,byGeoffMayer,2013. C Scandinavian Cinema, by John Sundholm, Isak Thorsen, Lars Gustaf Andersson, Olof Hedling,GunnarIversen,andBirgirThorMøller,2013. ChineseCinema,byTanYeandYunZhu,2013. 11:55:44. TaiwanCinema,byDaw-MingLee,2013. RussianLiterature,byJonathanStone,2013. GothicLiterature,byWilliamHughes,2013. FrenchLiterature,byJohnFlower,2013. BaroqueMusic,byJosephP.Swain,2013. Opera,byScottL.Balthazar,2013. BritishCinema,byAlanBurtonandSteveChibnall,2013. RomanticMusic,byJohnMichaelCooperwithRandyKinnett,2013. BritishTheatre:EarlyPeriod,byDarryllGrantley,2013. SouthAmericanCinema,byPeterH.Rist,2014. African American Television, Second Edition, by Kathleen Fearn-Banks and Anne Bur- ford-Johnson,2014. JapaneseTraditionalTheatre,SecondEdition,bySamuelL.Leiter,2014. ScienceFictioninLiterature,byM.KeithBooker,2015. RomanticisminLiterature,byPaulVarner,2015. AmericanTheater:Beginnings,byJamesFisher,2016. AfricanAmericanCinema,SecondEdition,byS.TorrianoBerryandVeniseBerry,2015. BritishRadio,SecondEdition,bySeánStreet,2015. GermanTheater,SecondEdition,byWilliamGrange,2015. RussianTheater,SecondEdition,byLaurenceSenelick,2015. BroadwayMusical,SecondEdition,byWilliamA.EverettandPaulR.Laird,2016. BritishSpyFiction,byAlanBurton,2016. RussianandSovietCinema,SecondEdition,byPeterRollberg,2016. Architecture,SecondEdition,byAllisonLeePalmer,2016. RenaissanceArt,SecondEdition,byLilianH.Zirpolo,2016. SacredMusic,SecondEdition,byJosephP.Swain,2016. U.S.LatinoLiterature,byFranciscoA.Lomelí,DonaldoW.Urioste,andMaríaJoaquina Villaseñor,2017. PostmodernistLiteratureandTheater,SecondEdition,byFranMason,2017. ContemporaryArt,byAnnLeeMorgan,2017. PopularMusic,byNormanAbjorensen,2017. American Theater: Modernism, Second Edition, by James Fisher and Felicia Hardison .d evrese HorLroornCdrién,e2m0a1,7S.econdEdition,byPeterHutchings,2018. r sth AustralianandNewZealandCinema,SecondEdition,byKarinaAveyard,AlbertMoran, gir llA BaroaqnudeEArrrotlaVndieAthr,c2h0it1e8c.ture,SecondEdition,byLilianH.Zirpolo,2018. .sre AfricanAmericanTheater,SecondEdition,byAnthonyD.Hill,2018. h silb GermanCinema,SecondEdition,byRobertC.ReimerandCarolJ.Reimer,2019. uP LeonardBernstein,byPaulR.LairdandHsunLin,2019. d le ife lttiL & n a m w o R .9 1 0 2 © th g iryp o C 11:55:44. .d e vre se r sth g ir llA .sre h silb u P d le ife lttiL & n a m w o R .9 1 0 2 © th g iryp o C 11:55:44. Historical Dictionary of Leonard Bernstein Paul R. Laird Hsun Lin .d e vre se r sth g ir llA .sre h silb u P d le ife lttiL & n a m w o R .9 1 0 2 © th ROWMAN&LITTLEFIELD g iryp Lanham•Boulder•NewYork•London o C 11:55:44. PublishedbyRowman&Littlefield AnimprintofTheRowman&LittlefieldPublishingGroup,Inc. 4501ForbesBoulevard,Suite200,Lanham,Maryland20706 www.rowman.com 6TinworthStreet,LondonSE115AL Copyright©2019byPaulR.LairdandHsunLin Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereproducedinanyformorbyany electronicormechanicalmeans,includinginformationstorageandretrievalsystems, withoutwrittenpermissionfromthepublisher,exceptbyareviewerwhomayquote passagesinareview. .d e vre BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationInformationAvailable se r sth gir llA LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData .sre Names:Laird,PaulR.author.|Lin,Hsun(Musicologist)author. h silb Title:HistoricaldictionaryofLeonardBernstein/PaulR.Laird,HsunLin. u P Description:Lanham:Rowman&Littlefield,[2019]|Series:Historicaldictionariesofliteratureand d leife thearts|Includesbibliographicalreferences. lttiL Identifiers:LCCN2019004663(print)|LCCN2019005342(ebook)|ISBN9781538113455(elec- & tronic)|ISBN9781538113448(cloth:alk.paper) n am Subjects:LCSH:Bernstein,Leonard,1918-1990—Dictionaries. wo Classification:LCCML410.B566(ebook)|LCCML410.B566L362019(print)|DDC780.92[B]— R .9 dc23 1 02 LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2019004663 © th g iryp TMThepaperusedinthispublicationmeetstheminimumrequirementsofAmerican o C NationalStandardforInformationSciencesPermanenceofPaperforPrintedLibrary Materials,ANSI/NISOZ39.48-1992. PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica. 11:55:44. Contents Editor’sForeword ix Preface xi AcronymsandAbbreviations xiii Chronology xv Introduction 1 THEDICTIONARY 13 Appendix:TheCompositionsofLeonardBernstein 315 Bibliography 321 AbouttheAuthors 333 .d e vre se r sth g ir llA .sre h silb u P d le ife lttiL & n a m w o R .9 1 0 2 © th g iryp o C vii 11:56:35. .d e vre se r sth g ir llA .sre h silb u P d le ife lttiL & n a m w o R .9 1 0 2 © th g iryp o C 11:56:35.