Historical Dictionary of Ancient Southeast Asia (Historical Dictionaries of Ancient Civilizations and Historical Eras)

538 Pages·2007·4.52 MB·English

by  John N. Miksic

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SOUTHEAST ASIAN STUDIES • HISTORY
Historical Dictionaries of Ancient Civilizations and Historical Eras, No. 18 JOHN N. MIKSIC
MIKSIC
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Anyone who has seen the stunning ruins at Angkor, Bagan, or Barabudur will understand why IOIS
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Southeast Asia boasts so many United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization AO
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World Heritage sites. But this is only part of an immense historical and cultural heritage, much YI
of which is revealed in this thought-provoking guide that helps readers grasp the sites’ value and OCA
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comprehend the society in which they were created over a period of a thousand years.
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Covering the countries of Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the
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Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam from the 1st through 15th centuries, Historical
Dictionary of Ancient Southeast Asiaexplores the vast and complex history of the region through u
a chronology, a glossary, a bibliography, an introduction, appendixes, maps, photographs, and t
diagrams. It also includes hundreds of cross-referenced dictionary entries on major and minor e
sites; significant figures; kingdoms and lesser entities they ruled; economic and social relations; a
and the artistic, cultural, and religious context of the time. s
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JOHN N. MIKSICis associate professor in the Southeast Asian Studies Programme at the National
A HISTORICAL
University of Singapore. He is an archaeologist, historian, and art historian whose interests
include ancient cities, temples, sculptures, and ceramics in ancient Southeast Asia. DICTIONARY OF
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SCARECROW PRESS, INC.
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Southeast Asia
Front cover photo: Angkor Wat temple in Cambodia. Back cover photo: A
Vishnu statue at the Angkor Wat temple. Courtesy of the author.
IiIiISBIN-13: 978-0i-8108-5522-I9 iIiIiIiIiIiIi
ISBN-10: 0-8108-5522-4
90000
9 780810 855229
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Historical Dictionaries of Ancient Civilizations
and Historical Eras
Edited by Jon Woronoff
1. Ancient Egypt, by Morris L. Bierbrier, 1999.
2. Ancient Mesoamerica,by Joel W. Palka, 2000.
3. Pre-Colonial Africa, by Robert O. Collins, 2001.
4. Byzantium, by John H. Rosser, 2001.
5. Medieval Russia,by Lawrence N. Langer, 2001.
6. Napoleonic Era, by George F. Nafziger, 2001.
7. Ottoman Empire,by Selcuk Aksin Somel, 2003.
8. Mongol World Empire,by Paul D. Buell, 2003.
9. Mesopotamia,by Gwendolyn Leick, 2003.
10. Ancient and Medieval Nubia,by Richard A. Lobban Jr., 2003.
11. The Vikings, by Katherine Holman, 2003.
12. The Renaissance, by Charles G. Nauert, 2004.
13. Ancient Israel, by Niels Peter Lemche, 2004.
14. The Hittites, by Charles Burney, 2004.
15. Early North America, by Cameron B. Wesson, 2005.
16. The Enlightenment,by Harvey Chisick, 2005.
17. Cultural Revolution, by Guo Jian, Yongyi Song, and Yuan Zhou,
2006.
18. Ancient Southeast Asia,by John N. Miksic, 2007.
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06-531_01_Front.qxd 11/14/06 2:33 PM Page iii
Historical Dictionary
of Ancient
Southeast Asia
John N. Miksic
Historical Dictionaries of Ancient
Civilizations and Historical Eras, No. 18
The Scarecrow Press, Inc.
Lanham, Maryland • Toronto • Plymouth, UK
2007
06-531_01_Front.qxd 11/14/06 2:33 PM Page iv
SCARECROWPRESS, INC.
Published in the United States of America
by Scarecrow Press, Inc.
Awholly owned subsidiary of
The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc.
4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706
www.scarecrowpress.com
Estover Road
Plymouth PL6 7PY
United Kingdom
Copyright ©2007 by John N. Miksic
All rights reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any
means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise,
without the prior permission of the publisher.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Miksic, John N.
Historical dictionary of ancient Southeast Asia / John N. Miksic.
p. cm. — (Historical dictionaries of ancient civilizations and historical eras ;
no. 18)
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN-13: 978-0-8108-5522-9 (hardcover : alk. paper)
ISBN-10: 0-8108-5522-4 (hardcover : alk. paper)
1. Southeast Asia—History—Dictionaries. I. Title.
DS524.M56 2007
959’.0103—dc22
2006023873
∞™
The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of
American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper
for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992.
Manufactured in the United States of America.
06-531_01_Front.qxd 11/14/06 2:33 PM Page v
Contents
List of Figures vii
Editor’s Foreword Jon Woronoff ix
Reader’s Note xi
Maps and Diagrams xiii
Introduction xliii
THE DICTIONARY 1
Appendixes
A Kingdoms and Rulers: Chronological Tables for
Ancient Southeast Asia 431
B Language Families of Southeast Asia 445
Glossary 447
Bibliography 451
About the Author 497
v
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Figures
MAPS
1. Kingdoms within and near Southeast Asia xiii
2. Burma xiv
3. Bagan and Vicinity xv
4. Cambodia xvi
5. Angkor and Vicinity xvii
6. Koh Ker xviii
7. Champa xix
8. Central and West Java xx
9. East Java and Bali xxi
10. Sumatra xxii
11. Malaysia xxiii
12. Philippines xxiv
13. Thailand xxv
14. Central Thailand/Chao Phraya Region xxvi
15. South Thailand xxvii
16. North and Northeast Thailand and Laos xxviii
17. Vietnam xxix
18. Dai Viet xxx
DIAGRAMS
1. Angkor Wat, Cambodia xxxi
2. Bayon, Cambodia xxxii
3. Bakong, Cambodia xxxiii
4. Prasat Thom, Cambodia xxxiv
5. Preah Vihear, Cambodia xxxv
vii
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viii • FIGURES
6. Barabudur, Java, Indonesia xxxvi
7. Lara Jonggrang, Java, Indonesia xxxvii
8. Plaosan Lor and Kidul, Java, Indonesia xxxviii
9. Candi Sewu, Java, Indonesia xxxix
10. Temple 1440, Bagan, Burma xl
11. Mi Son, Vietnam xli
PHOTOGRAPHS
Note:Photographs appear in center of book.
1. Bawbawgyi, Sriksetra, Burma
2. Bagan, Burma
3. Lokananda, Bagan, Burma
4. Dhammayazika, Bagan, Burma
5. Jataka Plaque, Ananda Temple, Bagan, Burma
6. Mi Son Temples, Champa/Central Vietnam
7. Mi Son Statuary, Champa/Central Vietnam
8. Cham Relief, Cham Museum, Champa/Central Vietnam
9. Si Satchanalai, Thailand
10. Sukothai Stupa, Thailand
11. Dvaravati Lion, Chiang Rai Museum, Thailand
12. Lara Jonggrang Complex, Central Java, Indonesia
13. Lara Jonggrang RamayanaRelief, Central Java, Indonesia
14. Relief of a Ship, Barabudur, Central Java, Indonesia
15. Plaosan Lor, Central Java, Indonesia
16. Dwarapala, Candi Plaosan, Central Java, Indonesia
17. ArjunawiwahaRelief, East Java, Indonesia
18. Bayon Relief, Angkor, Cambodia
19. Angkor Wat, Cambodia
20. Relief from the Terrace of the Leper King, Angkor,
Cambodia
21. Phnom Bok, Cambodia
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Editor’s Foreword
For well over a thousand years, from roughly the 4th to the 15th cen-
turies, in Southeast Asia a succession of rulers emerged, fought each
other, and conquered or were slaughtered while countless kingdoms and
lesser entities were proclaimed, prospered, and in most cases declined.
But they left behind impressive traces, mainly temples, some of these
recovered only after considerable effort, yet enough to make a strong
impression upon those who view them today, whether at Angkor,
Bagan, Barabudur, or other sites. Somewhat neglected during the colo-
nial period, these represent the roots of today’s countries, including
parts or all of Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, Burma, Malaysia,
Singapore, Indonesia, Brunei, and the Philippines. This helps explain
the ongoing careful archaeological work and the painstaking study of
linguists and historians, which very slowly and not quite surely reveal
the past.
Historical Dictionary of Ancient Southeast Asia attempts, among
other things, to sum up the present situation, primarily through its dic-
tionary section with hundreds of succinct entries on the more eminent
rulers (at least those who were recorded), the more outstanding remains
(those that could be recovered), and information that has been compiled
on the various peoples, their art and architecture, their legends and lit-
erature, their scripts and societies, their rites and religions. The large
number of persons, entities, and events makes it difficult to keep track
of them, which makes a chronology particularly important (see appen-
dix A). And, given the numerous vernacular and technical expressions,
a glossary is no less helpful. Despite its considerable scope, this book
can only be a starting point, and further research can be pursued by fol-
lowing leads in the bibliography.
The author of this volume, John N. Miksic, has been preparing it, in
a sense, for nearly three decades, since he moved to Sumatra in 1979
ix