Historical Dictionary of Aesthetics (Historical Dictionaries of Religions, Philosophies and Movements)

415 Pages·2006·1.57 MB·English

by  Dabney Townsend

HISTORICAL
DICTIONARY
OF AESTHETICS
DABNEY TOWNSEND
HISTORICAL DICTIONARIES
OF RELIGIONS, PHILOSOPHIES, AND MOVEMENTS
JonWoronoff,SeriesEditor
1. Buddhism,byCharlesS.Prebish,1993
2. Mormonism,byDavisBitton,1994.Outofprint.Seeno.32.
3. EcumenicalChristianity,byAnsJoachimvanderBent,1994
4. Terrorism,bySeanAndersonandStephenSloan,1995.Outofprint.Seeno.
41.
5. Sikhism,byW.H.McLeod,1995.Outofprint.Seeno.59.
6. Feminism,byJanetK.BolesandDianeLongHoeveler,1995.Outofprint.See
no.52.
7. OlympicMovement,byIanBuchananandBillMallon,1995.Outofprint.See
no.39.
8. Methodism,byCharlesYrigoyenJr.andSusanE.Warrick,1996.OutofPrint.
Seeno.57.
9. OrthodoxChurch,byMichaelProkurat,AlexanderGolitzin,andMichaelD.
Peterson,1996
10. OrganizedLabor,byJamesC.Docherty,1996.Outofprint.Seeno.50.
11. CivilRightsMovement,byRalphE.Luker,1997
12. Catholicism,byWilliamJ.Collinge,1997
13. Hinduism,byBruceM.Sullivan,1997
14. NorthAmericanEnvironmentalism,byEdwardR.WellsandAlanM.
Schwartz,1997
15. WelfareState,byBentGreve,1998.Outofprint.Seeno.63.
16. Socialism,byJamesC.Docherty,1997.Outofprint.Seeno.73.
17. Baha´’´ıFaith,byHughC.AdamsonandPhilipHainsworth,1998.Outofprint.
Seeno.71.
18. Taoism,byJulianF.PasincooperationwithManKamLeung,1998
19. Judaism,byNormanSolomon,1998.Outofprint.Seeno.69.
20. GreenMovement,byElimPapadakis,1998
21. Nietzscheanism,byCarolDiethe,1999
22. GayLiberationMovement,byRonaldJ.Hunt,1999
23. IslamicFundamentalistMovementsintheArabWorld,Iran,andTurkey,by
AhmadS.Moussalli,1999
24. ReformedChurches,byRobertBenedetto,DarrellL.Guder,andDonaldK.
McKim,1999
25. Baptists,byWilliamH.Brackney,1999
26. CooperativeMovement,byJackShaffer,1999
27. ReformationandCounter-Reformation,byHansJ.Hillerbrand,2000
28. Shakers,byHolleyGeneDuffield,2000
29. UnitedStatesPoliticalParties,byHaroldF.BassJr.,2000
30. Heidegger’sPhilosophy,byAlfredDenker,2000
31. Zionism,byRafaelMedoffandChaimI.Waxman,2000
32. Mormonism,2nded.,byDavisBitton,2000
33. Kierkegaard’sPhilosophy,byJuliaWatkin,2001
34. HegelianPhilosophy,byJohnW.Burbidge,2001
35. Lutheranism,byGu¨ntherGassmannincooperationwithDuaneH.Larsonand
MarkW.Oldenburg,2001
36. HolinessMovement,byWilliamKostlevy,2001
37. Islam,byLudwigW.Adamec,2001
38. Shinto,byStuartD.B.Picken,2002
39. OlympicMovement,2nded.,byIanBuchananandBillMallon,2001.Outof
Print.Seeno.61.
40. SlaveryandAbolition,byMartinA.Klein,2002
41. Terrorism,2nded.,bySeanAndersonandStephenSloan,2002
42. NewReligiousMovements,byGeorgeD.Chryssides,2001
43. ProphetsinIslamandJudaism,byScottB.NoegelandBrannonM.Wheeler,
2002
44. TheFriends(Quakers),byMargeryPostAbbott,MaryEllenChijioke,Pink
Dandelion,andJohnWilliamOliver,Jr.,2003
45. LesbianLiberationMovement:StilltheRage,byJoAnneMyers,2003
46. DescartesandCartesianPhilosophy,byRogerAriew,DennisDesChene,
DouglasM.Jesseph,TadM.Schmaltz,andTheoVerbeek,2003
47. Witchcraft,byMichaelD.Bailey,2003
48. UnitarianUniversalism,byMarkW.Harris,2004
49. NewAgeMovements,byMichaelYork,2004
50. OrganizedLabor,2nded.,byJamesC.Docherty,2004
51. Utopianism,byJamesM.MorrisandAndreaL.Kross,2004
52. Feminism,2nded.,byJanetK.BolesandDianeLongHoeveler,2004
53. Jainism,byKristiL.Wiley,2004
54. Wittgenstein’sPhilosophy,byDuncanRichter,2004
55. Schopenhauer’sPhilosophy,byDavidE.Cartwright,2005
56. Seventh-dayAdventists,byGaryLand,2005
57. Methodism,2nded.,byCharlesYrigoyen,Jr.andSusanWarrick,2005
58. Sufism,byJohnRenard,2005
59. Sikhism,2nded.,byW.H.McLeod,2005
60. KantandKantianism,byHelmutHolzheyandVilemMudroch,2005
61. OlympicMovement,3rded.,byBillMallonwithIanBuchanan,2006
62. Anglicanism,byColinBuchanan,2006
63. WelfareState,2nded.,byBentGreve,2006
64. FeministPhilosophy,byCatherineVillanuevaGardner,2006
65. Logic,byHarryJ.Gensler,2006
66. Leibniz’sPhilosophy,byStuartBrownandNicholasJ.Fox,2006
67. Non-AlignedMovementandThirdWorld,byGuyArnold,2006
68. SalvationArmy,byMajorJohnG.Merritt,2006
69. Judaism,2nded.,byNormanSolomon,2006
70. Epistemology,byRalphBaergen,2006
71. Baha´’´ıFaith,byHughAdamson,2006
72. Aesthetics,byDabneyTownsend,2006
73. Socialism,2nded.,byPeterLambandJamesC.Docherty,2006
74. Marxism,byDavidM.WalkerandDanielGray,2007
Historical Dictionary
of Aesthetics
Dabney Townsend
Historical Dictionaries of Religions,
Philosophies, and Movements, No. 72
The Scarecrow Press, Inc.
Lanham, Maryland • Toronto • Oxford
2006
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Historicaldictionaryofaesthetics/DabneyTownsend.
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movements;no.72)
Includesbibliographicalreferences.
ISBN-13:978-0-8108-5539-7(hardcover:alk.paper)
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Contents
Editor’sForeword(JonWoronoff) vii
Reader’sNote ix
Chronology xi
Introduction xvii
THEDICTIONARY 1
Bibliography 337
AbouttheAuthor 371
v

Editor’s Foreword
Regrettably, some think of philosophy as arcane and static. In certain
areas,perhapsitis,butothersareinconstantflux,andnevermorethan
today. This definitely applies to aesthetics, partly because the art on
which it focuses is undergoing increasingly rapid change, partly be-
causethewaythisartisviewed isalsochanging.Thatmakes thisHis-
toricalDictionaryofAestheticsespeciallyusefulandimportant,which
is considerableat alltimes, giventhe significanceof artin ourlives. It
also means that the book must be deeper and broader, encompassing
the older ways of thinking—some of which are still very relevant for
manypeople,aswellasthenewerways—someofwhichwillprobably
be unfamiliar and may even appear strange to others. Certainly, art is
notdead,noristhatlikelyevertohappen,andaestheticsismorevigor-
ousthanever.
Thisvolume,haditbeenwrittenadecadeago,wouldhavebeenquite
different,andifitisrewrittenagaininanotherdecade,itwouldhaveto
chart further movement. Just how much progress (if that is the right
word)therehasbeenimmediatelyappearsfromaninnovativechronol-
ogy that traces bothart and aesthetics, which are hardto separate. The
introductionthenbuildsa goodanalyticbasisforapproachingthesub-
jectseriously. Thisprovidesbotha foundationand contextfor thedic-
tionarysection,thecoreofthebook.Itsmanyentriesdescribeinfurther
detailthepersonswhohave contributed,someasartists,othersascrit-
ics or philosophers, and a few combining functions, going back to an-
cient Greece and coming up to the present day. Other entries describe
the philosophies that have evolved, the main features of aesthetics, the
basicconceptsandrelatedterminology,andthewaysweseeorfeeland
make judgments on art. This is capped with a broad bibliography that
opensthewaytofurtherreadingorresearch.
This latest addition to our sub-series on philosophy was written by
vii
viii • EDITOR’SFOREWORD
Dabney Townsend, who is a professor of philosophy at Armstrong At-
lantic State University and, as such, has taught the subject for many
years, exploring with and explaining to countless students much of
what is summed up here. He has also written articles and submitted
papersonaesthetics.Goingyetfurther,heistheauthorofthreebooks,
Aesthetic Objectsand Works ofArt, An Introduction toAesthetics, and
Hume’s Aesthetic Theory: Sentiment and Taste, and the editor of two,
Aesthetics: Classic Readings from theWestern Tradition and Eighteenth-
Century Aesthetics. A reference work like this has allowed him to ap-
proach the topic in another manner, and will certainly be of use to his
students,butalsohiscolleaguesandanyotherswhohaveaninterestin
thisessentialandabsorbingfield.
JonWoronoff
SeriesEditor
Reader’s Note
Ahistoricaldictionaryinanareaofphilosophypresentssomedifficul-
ties. The chronology can be little more than a list of significant works
thathavemarkedthedevelopmentofaesthetics.Ideasdonothavespe-
cificdates.Theyemergegradually,recur,andshiftwithdifferent writ-
ers and artists. Moreover, when one approaches the recent history of
aesthetics, a chronology would have to be either very limited or very
extensive. The one provided here is the former and is intended to be
representativeofproblemsandareasinaesthetics.
As one moves closer to the present, it becomes more difficult to as-
sesswhatshouldbeincluded.Forexample,itisimpossibletodetailall
ofthe 20th-centuryworkon aesthetics inthiscontext. Theanthologies
included in the Bibliography will provide a more detailed guide. The
namesmentionedinparenthesesintheIntroductionareneitherexhaus-
tive nor definitive; they are intended to give some indication of the
rangeofacademicphilosophicalaestheticswithoutimplyingthatother
philosophers might not have an equal claim to attention. For works by
the philosophers mentioned, refer to the Bibliography. Some leading
figuresin20th-centuryphilosophicalmovementsaredealtwithinsepa-
ratedictionaryentries,butmoststrictlyacademicphilosophyofartand
aesthetics is covered topically, and the philosophers themselves are
mentionedonlyintheBibliography,whichgivesarepresentativeselec-
tionofworksoneachtopic.Aselectionofrecentwork(1990andafter)
isalsoprovidedintheBibliography.
Each entry provides cross-references to other entries in boldfaced
type. Many of the cross-references are to entries that deal with broad
concepts or topics. The way that the reference appears in other entries
willvaryaccordingtoitsgrammaticalposition.Sothedictionaryentry
on ‘beauty’ will also be cross-referenced by the words ‘beautiful,’
‘beauties,’ and even ‘beautifully’ in bold when those words appear in
ix