Historical Atlas of Northeast Asia, 1590-2010: Korea, Manchuria, Mongolia, Eastern Siberia

347 Pages·2014·40.305 MB·English

by  Li Narangoa and Robert Cribb

HISTORICAL ATLAS OF NORTHEAST ASIA
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BBAAYY OOFF TTHHAAIILLAANNDD VVIIEETT--SSOOUUTTHH PPHHIILLIIPPPPIINNEESS
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AT L A S
HISTORICAL OF
• • • •
1590–2010
KOREA
L I N A R A N G O A
MANCHURIA
+
BY
MONGOLIA
R O B E R T C R I B B
EASTERN SIBERIA
N E W Y O R K
C O L U M B I A U N I V E R S I T Y P R E S S
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS
Publishers Since 1893
New York Chichester, West Sussex
cup.columbia.edu
Copyright © 2014 Columbia University Press
All rights reserved
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Narangoa, Li.
Historical atlas of northeast Asia, 1590–2010 : Korea, Manchuria, Mongolia, Eastern Siberia /
Li Narangoa and Robert Cribb.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-231-16070-4 (cloth : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-0-231-53716-2 (e-book)
1. East Asia—History—Maps. 2. East Asia—Historical geography—Maps. 3. East Asia—Maps.
I. Cribb, Robert. II. Title.
G2301.S1N3 2014
911' . 5—dc23
2013044148
Columbia University Press books are printed on permanent and durable acid-free paper.
This book is printed on paper with recycled content.
Printed in the United States of America
C 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
FRONTISPIECE: Northeast Asia
COVER IMAGE: John Tresscott, “Mappa gubernii Irkutensis, complectens provincias Irkutensem,
Jakutensem, et Udinensem” (St. Petersburg, 1776). (Courtesy of Meeting of Frontiers, Library of
Congress and Russian State Library)
COVER DESIGN: Noah Arlow
BOOK DESIGN: Vin Dang
References to Web sites (URLs) were accurate at the time of writing.
Neither the authors nor Columbia University Press is responsible for URLs
that may have expired or changed since the manuscript was prepared.
CONTENTS
Acknowledgments VII
Methodology and Sources IX
Terminology and Spelling XIII
Abbreviations XV
INTRODUCTION Northeast Asia 2
Contested Term, Contested Region 2
Geography 4
Climate and Human Ecology 8
Peoples and Languages 11
Politics 14
PART I 1590–1700 21
PART II 1700–1800 65
PART III 1800–1900 107
PART IV 1900–2010 151
Appendix A. Historical Maps 232
Appendix B. Gaze(cid:2)eer 272
Bibliography 303
Map Sources 317
Index 321
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
IN COMPLETING the Historical Atlas of Northeast Asia, we have accumulated many
academic debts. We have, first of all, benefited greatly from the scholarly environ-
ment and material support provided by the Australian National University, and
the project was made possible by a substantial Discovery Grant from the Austra-
lian Research Council. (cid:3)e Cartography Section of the School of Culture, History
and Language, College of Asia and the Pacific of the Australian National University
provided the base map for the atlas, as well as the data for the elevation profiles,
and was always on hand to provide technical advice.
In gathering material for the atlas, we have drawn extensively on libraries
and archives around the world. (cid:3)e library of the Australian National University
and the National Library of Australia have been especially helpful, but we wish
to thank also the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) in Col-
lege Park, Maryland; the National Archives in Kew; the Nationaal Archief in (cid:3)e
Hague; the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C.; the library of the University
of Leiden; the Memorial Library, University of Wisconsin; the Joseph Regenstein
Library, University of Chicago; the Kroch Asia Library, Cornell University; the
Bancro(cid:4) Library, University of California at Berkeley; the National Diet Library
in Tokyo; the Institute of Oriental Manuscripts in St. Petersburg, Russia; the Na-
tional Library of Russia in St. Petersburg; Det Kongelige Bibliotek in Copenhagen;
the National Archive of Mongolia; the Library of Liaoning Province in Shenyang;
the Inner Mongolia University Library; and the Inner Mongolia Library in Hohhot.
As the atlas took shape, we sought advice from many colleagues, both on factual
detail and on general strategies for the presentation of our material. We should
especially like to thank Nakami Tatsuo, Enatsu Yoshiki, Kato Naoto, Nakashima
Takeshi, (cid:3)omas Bartle(cid:2), Mark Ellio(cid:2), Chris Atwood, Lore(cid:2)a Kim, Ken Wells,
Leonid Petrov, Sodbilig, Buyandelger, Bayildugchi, Zhou Taiping, Chimeddorji,
O.Oyunjargal, Ookhnoi Batsaikhan, B. Natsagdorj, John Stephan, Remco Breuker,
Erdenchuluu Kohchahar and the two anonymous reviewers for their very insight-
ful and encouraging comments. We would like to thank our editor, Irene Pavi(cid:2), for
her competent and patient work on this complex and challenging project. Respon-
sibility for the remaining shortcomings of the atlas remains, of course, with us.
METHODOLOGY
THE HISTORICAL ATLAS OF NORTHEAST ASIA consists of fi(cid:4)y-six specially
drawn maps covering the four centuries from 1590 to 2010. (cid:3)e design of the
AND SOURCES
atlas—an introductory map, used as the frontispiece, showing the region’s loca-
tion in Asia; four maps depicting the geography, climate and ecology, peoples, and
late-sixteenth-century political landscape of Northeast Asia; forty-nine maps cov-
ering the history of Northeast Asia over a span of ten (1590–1890 and 1960–2010)
or five (1890–1960) years; and two concluding maps showing mineral resources
and population densities—does not allow us to provide citations to sources with
the specificity that is usual in a referenced text. It is important, therefore, to ex-
plain briefly how the information on the maps was derived.
All the maps are based on a standard, relief-shaded map of Northeast Asia—
Korea, Manchuria, Mongolia, and Eastern Siberia (including the Russian Far
East)—that was kindly prepared for us by the Cartographic Section of the School
of Culture, History and Language, College of Asia and the Pacific, Australian Na-
tional University. (cid:3)e technical data are
PROJECTION Lambert Azimuthal Equal Area
CENTRAL MERIDIAN 115°
LATITUDE OF ORIGIN 45°N
DATUM WGS 1984
To this base map, which reflects the geographical configuration of Northeast
Asia in the late twentieth century, we added geographical and historical details
using the graphics program Adobe Illustrator. We made no a(cid:2)empt to show sys-
tematically events that occurred in other regions that appear on the maps, such
as northern China and western Japan, except as far as they are directly relevant to
developments in Northeast Asia. Nor did we depict changes in coastlines or in the
course of rivers, except for the changes in the channel of the Yellow River (Huang *On the historical geography of the Yellow River, see Xu
Jiongxin “Growth of the Yellow River Delta over the Past 800
He) north of Ordos in the nineteenth century, the massive change in the lower
Years, as Influenced by Human Activities,” Geografiska An-
course of the Yellow River in 1855,* and the building of major dams in the twen- naler, ser. A, Physical Geography 85, no. 1 (2003), 21–30; and
Zhao-Yin Wang and Zhi-Yong Liang, “Dynamic Characteristics
tieth century. In particular, we were not able to take into account the complex
of the Yellow River Mouth,” Earth Surface Processes and Land-
process of desertification that has occurred during the past two centuries. It has forms 25, no. 7 (2000): 765–782.
METHODOLOGY AND SOURCES
brought dramatic changes, including the desiccation of rivers In the premodern period, the demarcation lines between juris-
and lakes and the disappearance of forests and grasslands, but dictions were o(cid:4)en fluid and imprecise. We faced a similar chal-
X
data on this major ecological development is too meager to allow lenge in regard to rebellions and insurgencies, including those
for reliable mapping. of the twentieth century. Many of these movements held sway
(cid:3)e location of places (cities, rivers, lakes, mountains, and over regions that fluctuated dramatically in extent over a rela-
other landforms) was obtained for the most part from standard tively short period of time, and they o(cid:4)en arose from ambitions
atlases, of which the most important for our purposes were (cid:2)e that extended far beyond the movements’ effective influence. In
Times Atlas of the World, (cid:2)e Times Atlas of China, the Russian both cases, we rendered this fluidity by means of blurred lines
Atlas Rossii, and the Mongolian Undesnii Atlas. We also made use and blurred edges whose location, although based on a careful
of Google Maps and other online contemporary map and sat- reading of sources, is necessarily approximate. (cid:3)e same applies
ellite-photograph Web sites. To locate places and geographical to the arrows that depict the movement of peoples and armies:
features not shown in these sources, we examined a very wide the start and end points of journeys are o(cid:4)en known, but the
variety of published and manuscript maps, many of them of route followed must be surmised. We used smooth lines and ar-
specific parts of Northeast Asia. In some cases, we consulted rows to signify this uncertainty.
dozens of maps to satisfy ourselves of the location of a toponym. (cid:3)e growing proliferation and precision of borders in North-
In a few cases, place-names eluded us altogether; in a few more east Asia during the centuries covered by this atlas presented
cases, we were unable to determine which of two or more fea- us with still other challenges. Until the advent of modern sur-
tures with the same name were being referred to (many lakes vey mapping, which did not reach Northeast Asia until the late
in the Mongol lands, for instance, are locally known as Chagan nineteenth century, mapmakers typically redrew older maps,
Nuur, which means “white lake”). To locate lesser known places making corrections and adding or removing details according
on our maps, we were forced to be brave and approximate: early to more recent (but not necessarily more reliable) information.
maps do not employ standard, or even known, projections, and Most maps are thus an amalgam of information of differing
it is not uncommon for the same place to appear twice on the provenance, differing age, and differing reliability. Individual
same map in different locations. In such cases, we preferred to cartographers, moreover, drew on separate sources in mak-
choose an approximate location, rather than none at all, but we ing their updates. Different map projections give the impres-
avoided being arbitrary; no location appears on a map without sion of different spatial relationships between different points
underlying evidence. on the landscape. (cid:3)e copying of information from older maps
In the mapping of early borders and the movement of peoples means that the appearance of the same information on a vari-
and armies, we generally were not able to draw on maps at all, ety of maps cannot be taken as reliable corroboration. Mapmak-
but aimed to translate information from primary and secondary ers everywhere, moreover, use the depiction of complexity as a
sources—o(cid:4)en vague and incomplete—into lines on the map. token of accuracy; inevitably, some detail is simply surmised.
METHODOLOGY AND SOURCES
Furthermore, whereas the convention of identifying the author, sion within sovereign states—corresponding to province and
publisher, and date of publication of a book was well established county—but we ask the reader to bear in mind that this classi-
XI
by the seventeenth century, the same is not true of maps, many fications is a crude one, intended only to give a general sense of
of which were published without direct indication of prove- governmental hierarchy.
nance or date. (cid:3)e consequence is that for the eighteenth and
nineteenth centuries—and, indeed, well into the twentieth cen-
tury—apparently authoritative map sources o(cid:4)en offer contra- (cid:3)e Historical Atlas of Northeast Asia is based on extensive re-
dictory evidence on the precise course of borders and lines of search in archives, map collections, and secondary literature.
communication. We a(cid:2)empted to resolve these discrepancies by (cid:3)e most important map collections that we used are
reference to non-map documentary sources, but those materials
• The map collections of the Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
also present problems of reliability. Accordingly, in the atlas we
• The War Department Map Collection (RG 77), National Archives
offer our best judgment of the location of borders and lines of
and Records Administration, College Park, Maryland
communication without being able to vouch unequivocally for
• The Foreign Office map collection (FO 925), National Archives,
the reliability of every line on the maps. Specific borders are
Kew, United Kingdom
marked in red the first time they appear on a map; therea(cid:4)er,
• The map collection of the National Library of Russia, St.
they are in black.
Petersburg
A further challenge we faced in preparing the atlas was
• The online Ryhiner Map Collection of early maps, hosted by the
to cope with the complexity of levels of government. Modern
University of Bern
states are normally neatly arranged into a hierarchy of admin-
• The online David Rumsey Map Collection
istrative categories, with states or provinces below the national
level and counties, prefectures, or equivalent jurisdictions In addition, we drew on both maps and archival material in
below them. One does not have to go far back into the North- other sections of the National Archives and Records Adminis-
east Asian past, however, to find a bewildering complexity of tration and of the National Archives, as well as material in the
relationships among political units. Episodes of state collapse Nationaal Archief in (cid:3)e Hague and the Politisches Archiv des
and retreat o(cid:4)en made it difficult for us to determine where Auswärtiges Amt (Diplomatic Archive of the Ministry of Foreign
sovereignty may have resided. It was also hard to determine Affairs), Berlin. Each of the maps in the atlas contains informa-
whether a polity that clearly had not been fully sovereign ought tion from a wide variety of sources. If one or more sources is
to be considered equivalent to a province or to a county, or even especially important for information that is prominent in a spe-
disregarded altogether. As a ma(cid:2)er of convention in this atlas, cific map, the information appears in ”Map Sources,” following
we identified only two levels of internal administrative divi- the bibliography.
METHODOLOGY AND SOURCES
XII
Legend
KRASNOYARSK Administrative name (straight, caps, 5-9 pt) Liaodong Wall Military movement GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL
TERMS
B u r y a t s Ethnic group (curved, caps & lc, 7 pt) Willow palisade Population movement aalri n(M (oMnagn.c)h =u )n o=r mthountain
Maritime trade barun (Mong.) = west
route bei (Ch.) = north
Altai Mountains Physical feature (mountains): (curved, caps & lc, italics) GGrreeaatt WWaallll gate Road, trade route bbcddhuuaoae kl(ag K(g(aKKo n(oorM err(eeaoMananonn)gn )).=g )= =. i=) s ng l=sarop enrwratdihhtnigte
dolon (Mong.) = seven
ORDOS Non-administrative region (caps, curved) G(kroeua)t Wall gates Undersea cable ddoonrngo (dC h(M.)o =n ge.a) s=t east
gol (Mong.) = river
Lena R. River (blue, curved, Times Roman italics) International border RRaaiillwwaayyss ghhuaaaie n ((C K(hCo.rh)e .=)a n=s)e pa=a ssesa
(under construction) he (Ch.) = river
= rapids New international border hei (Ch.) = black
Steam ship route huang (Ch.) = yellow
hotun (Manchu) = city
mountain peak jiang (Ch.) = river
Second level administrative jing (Ch.) = capital
border juu (Mong.) = monastery
New second level administrative khara (Mong.) = black
bboorrdder ABBREVIATIONS kkhhoütrae e( M(Monogn.g). )= =c ietnyclosure
TThhiirrd level administrative köke (Mong.) = blue
Capital city bboorrdder AC = Autonomous county kou (Ch.) = gate
AOk = Autonomous okrug more (Ru.) = sea
Town/city Approximate border AAOR == AAuuttoonnoommoouuss roebgliaosnt mnaümre (nK o(Mreoanng). )= =s oriuvtehr
Fortress or garrison ASSR = Autonomous Soviet nan (Ch.) = south
CTehliengersaep ahd smtaintiiostnrative centre Dbaneedtmw Jaearecpnaa tnRieousnse sl iisanpneh eres DGNPOMR T=K = N= Ga DtrieeomennaowlcSR rooiecacbphtiluia acMbls iltePsitcea noRop efTl pieKmu’osber leica nnööomvziuzeöuhnrrrnöo ((e MM(( MR(ooRuonnu.ngg).g. .))=). =) ==l a= lslok aoswekoueeuthrth
Treaty port Battle site NP = National Park reka (Ru.) = river
sahah(cid:529)n (Manchu) = black
temple Clash ssheoanjj o(Ck h(.K)o =r emano)u n=t waienst
Location of Yeke Khüree shira (Mong.) = yellow
Massacre suburga (Mong.) = tower
Gold mine töv (Mong.) = centre
uul, ula (Mong.) = mountain
Mine Foreign warship(s) ula (Manchu) = river
ulaan (Mong.) = red
Salt lake ust (Ru.) = mouth
usu (Mong.) = water
verkhne (Ru.) = upper
wan (Korean, Ch.) = bay
xi (Ch.) = west
yeke (Mong.) = large
zhong (Ch.) = centre