Hindi (London Oriental and African Language Library, Volume 12)

333 Pages·2006·2.22 MB·English

by  Yamuna Kachru

hindi
LONDON ORIENTAL AND
AFRICAN LANGUAGE LIBRARY
Editors
Theodora Bynon
School of Oriental and African Studies
david C. Bennett
University of London
Masayoshi Shibatani
Rice University & Kobe University
Advisory Board
James Bynon, Bernard Comrie, Gilbert Lazard,
Christian Lehmann, James A. Matisoff, Vladimir P. nedjalkov,
Christopher Shackle, Andrew Simpson
The LOndOn ORiEnTAL And AFRiCAn LAnGUAGE LiBRARY aims to make available
a series of reliable and up-to-date descriptions of the grammatical structure of a wide range of
Oriental and African languages, in a form readily accessible to the non-specialist. With this in
mind, the language material in each volume will be in roman script, fully glossed and translated.
The Library is based at the School of Oriental and African Studies of the University of London,
Europe's largest institution specializing in the study of languages and cultures of Africa and
Asia. Each volume is written by an acknowledged expert in the field who has carried out original
research on the language and has first-hand knowledge of the area in which it is spoken.
Volume 12
Yamuna Kachru
Hindi
hindi
YAMUnA KAChRU
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
JOhn BEnJAMinS PUBLiShinG COMPAnY
AMSTERdAM/PhiLAdELPhiA
(cid:52)(cid:45) The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American
(cid:32)
national Standard for information Sciences — Permanence of Paper for Printed Library
Materials, AnSi Z39.48-1984.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Kachru, Yamuna.
hindi / Yamuna Kachru.
p. cm. -- (London Oriental and African language library, iSSn 1382-3485 ; v. 12)
includes bibliographical references and index.
1. hindi language--Grammar. i. Title.
PK1933.K255 2006
491'.4382421--dc22 2006043086
iSBn 90 272 3812 X (hb; alk. paper)
© 2006 – John Benjamins B.V.
no part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm, or any other means,
without written permission from the publisher.
John Benjamins Publishing Co. • P.O.Box 36224 • 1020 ME Amsterdam • The netherlands
John Benjamins north America • P.O.Box 27519 • Philadelphia PA 19118-0519 • USA
In memoriam

Sumitra Mangesh Katre (1906-1998)

visionary scholar and mentor

Bishwa Nath Prasad (1905-1967)

inspiring and dedicated teacher

Contents

Preface...........................................................................................................xv

Symbols and Abbreviations........................................................................xix

1. Introduction................................................................................................1
1.0. Historical Background..........................................................................1
1.1. Status.....................................................................................................1
1.1.1. Hindi-Urdu-Hindustani.................................................................2
1.1.2. Basic Characteristics.....................................................................2
1.1.3. Regional Variation........................................................................5
1.1.4. Diatypic Variation.........................................................................6
1.1.4.1. Sanskritized Style..................................................................6
1.1.4.2. Persianized Style...................................................................7
1.1.4.3. Englishized Style...................................................................8
1.1.5. Literary Tradition........................................................................10

2. Sound System............................................................................................13
2.0. Hindi Sounds......................................................................................13
2.1. Vowels................................................................................................13
2.1.1. Indigenous Vowels......................................................................13
2.1.2. Nasalization of Vowels...............................................................15
2.1.3. Borrowed Vowels.......................................................................15
2.2. Consonants..........................................................................................16
2.2.1. Indigenous Consonants...............................................................16
2.2.2. English and Perso-Arabic Borrowings........................................20
2.3. Consonant Clusters.............................................................................21
2.3.1. Indigenous CC Clusters..............................................................22
2.3.2. CC Clusters in Borrowings.........................................................25
2.3.3. CCC Clusters..............................................................................29
2.4. Pronunciation......................................................................................30
2.4.1. The Inherent Vowel....................................................................30
2.4.2. Pronunciation and Script.............................................................31
viii HINDI
2.5. Stress...................................................................................................32
2.6. Syllables..............................................................................................32
2.6.1. Syllable Structure........................................................................32
2.7. Morphophonemic Alternations...........................................................33
2.8. Intonation............................................................................................34

3. Devanagari Script.....................................................................................37
3.0. Devanagari..........................................................................................37
3.1. Vowels................................................................................................37
3.1.1. Independent Forms......................................................................37
3.1.2. Combining or Matra Forms........................................................37
3.2. Syllabary: Consonants........................................................................39
3.2.1. Representation of Independent Forms........................................39
3.2.2. Representation of Combining Forms..........................................40

4. Parts of Speech..........................................................................................43
4.0. Parts of Speech...................................................................................43
4.1. Noun...................................................................................................43
4.1.1. Categories of Nouns....................................................................44
4.1.2. Number.......................................................................................44
4.1.3. Gender.........................................................................................46
4.1.4. Gender and Number of Borrowed Nouns...................................47
4.1.5. Case.............................................................................................49
4.1.6. Nominal Declension....................................................................52
4.2. Determiner..........................................................................................54
4.2.1. Definiteness and Specificity.......................................................54
4.2.2. Demonstratives...........................................................................55
4.2.3. Quantifiers...................................................................................55
4.2.3.1. Numerals.............................................................................56
4.2.3.2. Other Quantifiers.................................................................59
4.3. Pronoun...............................................................................................61
4.3.1. Personal Pronouns.......................................................................62
4.3.2. Case Forms..................................................................................63
4.4. Adjective.............................................................................................64
4.4.1. Gender, Number and Case..........................................................65
4.4.2. Comparative and Superlative......................................................65
4.4.3. Classes of Adjectives..................................................................67
4.4.3.1. Attributive and Predicative.................................................67
4.4.3.2. Basic, Derived and Complex Adjectives............................69
4.4.3.3. Pronominal Adjectives........................................................70
CONTENTS ix
4.4.3.4. Semantic Subclasses...........................................................70
4.5. Verb....................................................................................................73
4.5.1. Inflected Forms of Verbs............................................................73
4.5.2. Causative.....................................................................................73
4.5.3. Aspect.........................................................................................77
4.5.3.1. Imperfect and Perfect..........................................................77
4.5.4. Mood...........................................................................................77
4.5.4.1. Imperative, Optative and Contingent..................................78
4.5.4.2. Irregular Forms of Imperative.............................................79
4.5.5. Tense...........................................................................................79
4.5.5.1. Past......................................................................................79
4.5.5.2. Future..................................................................................80
4.5.6. Auxiliaries...................................................................................82
4.5.6.1. Tense Auxiliaries................................................................82
4.5.6.2. Modal Auxiliaries...............................................................82
4.5.7. Semantic Categories....................................................................84
4.5.8. Complex Verbs...........................................................................85
4.5.8.1. Compound Verbs................................................................85
4.5.8.2. Conjunct Verbs...................................................................92
4.5.9. Voice...........................................................................................93
4.5.9.1. Active..................................................................................93
4.5.9.2. Passive.................................................................................93
4.5.9.3. Impersonal...........................................................................94
4.5.10. Subcategories of Verbs.............................................................94
4.6. Adverb................................................................................................95
4.6.1. Basic Adverbs.............................................................................95
4.6.2. Derived Adverbs.........................................................................95
4.6.2.1. Adverbs Derived from Nouns and Pronouns......................95
4.6.2.2. Adverbs Derived from Adjectives......................................96
4.6.2.3. Adverbs Derived from Verbs..............................................97
4.6.3. Complex Adverbs.....................................................................100
4.6.3.1. Temporal...........................................................................100
4.6.3.2. Locational / Directional.....................................................101
4.6.3.3. Manner..............................................................................102
4.6.3.4. Instrumental......................................................................102
4.6.3.5. Source, Reason, Cause......................................................102
4.6.3.6. Comitative.........................................................................103
4.7. Postposition.......................................................................................103
4.7.1. Simple Postpositions.................................................................103
4.7.2. Complex Postpositions..............................................................104