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Hindi: An Essential Grammar PDF

299 Pages·2022·7.331 MB·English
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Hindi Hindi: An Essential Grammar is a practical reference guide to the core structures and features of modern Hindi. Assuming no prior knowledge of Hindi grammar, this book avoids jargon and overly technical language as it takes the student through the complexities of Hindi grammar in short, readable sections. Suitable for either independent study or for students in schools, colleges, universities and adult education classes, key features include: • Full examples throughout in both Devanagari and Roman script with a gloss in English • Glossary of technical terms and detailed subject index • Cross referencing between sections • Authentic material provided in the appendix demonstrating grammar usage Hindi: An Essential Grammar will help students, in both formal and non-formal education and of all levels to read, speak and write the language with greater confidence and accuracy. The revised edition rectifies the printing errors inadvertently made in the first edition; it also further clarifies several other issues including Hindi word order flexibility, compound nouns, ergativity, pronominal usage and polite communication. Rama Kant Agnihotri retired as Professor and Head, Dept of Linguistics, University of Delhi. He got his D. Phil from the University of York (UK). He has lectured extensively in universities across the world and his previous publications among others include Second Language Acquisition: Socio-cultural and Linguistic Aspects of English in India (edited with A.L. Khanna, 1994), Hindi Morphology: A Word-based Description (with Rajendra Singh, 1997), Noam Chomsky: The Architecture of Language (edited with N. Mukherjee and B. N. Patnaik, 2001) and Being and Becoming Multilingual: Some Narratives (edited with Rajesh Sachdeva, 2022). He is currently Professor Emeritus at Vidya Bhawan Society, Udaipur. Routledge Essential Grammars Essential Grammars describe clearly and succinctly the core rules of each lan- guage and are up-to-date and practical reference guides to the most important aspects of languages used by contemporary native speakers. They are designed for elementary to intermediate learners and present an accessible description of the language, focusing on the real patterns of use today. Essential Grammars are a reference source for the learner and user of the language, irrespective of level, setting out the complexities of the language in short, readable sections that are clear and free from jargon. Essential Grammars are ideal either for independent study or for students in schools, colleges, universities and adult classes of all types. Essential Grammars are available for the following languages: Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian Catalan Chinese Czech Danish Dutch English Filipino Finnish German Greek Hindi Hungarian Icelandic Korean Latvian Modern Hebrew North Sámi Norwegian Polish Portuguese Romanian Serbian Spanish Swedish Thai Turkish Urdu Vietnamese West Greenlandic For more information about this series, please visit: https://www.rout- ledge.com/Routledge-Essential-Grammars/book-series/SE0549 ‘Hindi: An Essential Grammar is exactly what a pedagogically oriented grammar of a language should be: wide in its coverage, elegant in its style, clear in its presentation, and simple, without being simplistic, in its content.’ Rajendra Singh, Professor of Linguistics, Université de Montreal, Canada “The most appealing aspect of Agnihotri’s grammar is its clear conception of its own objectives and functions. For speakers of Hindi, it is an exposition of the systematicity and rule-governed nature of their language; for learners of Hindi, it is an instrument to further the learning of the language. In its jargon-free descrip- tion of the patterns of Hindi grammar, the volume doubles up as an introduction to modern grammatical analysis for anyone trying their hand at grammar construction. In doing so, it produces an analytical learner/speaker who is not merely a user of language, but also its student.” (Kidwai 2007: 149) “Agnihotri’s examples quite naturally draw on as wide a range of lexical resources and contexts that an average Hindi speaker would be expected to have access to. The accompanying observa- tions on the conditions of use of the examples, and in the Appendix on Grammar in Context, is also particularly worthy of commen- dation, as they not only relieve the work of the usual accusations of prescriptivism that grammars typically attract, they also reveal to the reader how grammatical analysis enriches our understand- ing of the social and the symbolic.” (Kidwai 2007: 150) Prof Ayesha Kidwai, Professor of Linguistics at the Centre for Linguistics, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi Hindi An Essential Grammar Second edition Rama Kant Agnihotri Second edition published 2023 by Routledge 4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN and by Routledge 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2023 Rama Kant Agnihotri The right of Rama Kant Agnihotri to be identified as author of this work has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. First edition published by Routledge 2007 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Agnihotri, Rama Kant, 1945– author. Title: Hindi : an essential grammar / Rama Kant Agnihotri. Description: Revised edition. | London ; New York : Routledge, 2022. | Series: Routledge essential grammars | Includes bibliographical references and index. | Identifiers: LCCN 2022004384 (print) | LCCN 2022004385 (ebook) | ISBN 9781032163024 (hardback) | ISBN 9781032163048 (paperback) | ISBN 9781003247968 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Hindi language–Grammar. Classification: LCC PK1933 .A53 2022 (print) | LCC PK1933 (ebook) | DDC 491.4/35–dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022004384 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022004385 ISBN: 978-1-032-16302-4 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-032-16304-8 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-003-24796-8 (ebk) DOI: 10.4324/9781003247968 Typeset in Sabon by Newgen Publishing UK For Vidisha, Lavanya, Homna and Ananya Contents Preface xvi Acknowledgements xviii Symbols xx Abbreviations xxiii Part I Hindi and its sentence types 1 Chapter 1 Hindi: a brief introduction 3 1.1 The Hindi area 3 1.2 The status of Hindi 3 1.3 What do we mean by ‘Hindi’? 5 1.4 Hindi sounds and writing system 6 1.5 The Hindi sentence 7 1.6 The Hindi vocabulary 8 1.7 Conclusion 9 Chapter 2 Hindi sentence structure 10 2.1 Word order 10 2.2 Subject–verb agreement 11 2.3 Linear ordering of constituents 12 2.3.1 Adjectives and nouns 12 2.3.2 Nouns, postpositions and agreement 13 2.3.3 Flexibility in word order 14 2.3.4 Direct and indirect object 15 2.3.5 Marker of comparison 15 2.3.6 Adverbs 16 2.4 Types of sentences 16 2.5 Conclusion 18 Chapter 3 Negatives 19 3.1 Negation 20 iixx 3.2 The use of nnaahhIIMM nahı˜ı˜, ‘not’ 22

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