ImPhilospopherrs’int ! ! "#$%&’!()*!+#,!() Overview -%.%/0!1232 AB;!C9C;D!CD;8;:E8!9!:;F!EB;=DG!=H!B@IB;DJ=DK;D!L9I7;:;88,!AB@8!EB;J =DG!@8!9:!@MCD=L;M;:E!=:!N7DD;:E!EB;=D@;8!=H!L9I7;:;88!@:!EB9E!@E!Oi) Higher-order Vagueness, K;8ND@>;8!EB;!P@:K!=H!>=DK;DQ@:;!N98;8!D;Q;L9:E!E=!EB;!6=D@E;8!C9D9K=R*! OiiS!D;E9@:8!EB;!TD=>78E:;88U!=H!L9I7;!CD;K@N9E;8*!OiiiS!@:ED=K7N;8!9!:=J E@=:!=H!B@IB;DJ=DK;D!L9I7;:;88!EB9E!@8!N=MC=8@E@=:9Q*!>7E!OivS!9L=@K8! EB;!C9D9K=R;8!=H!B@IB;DJ=DK;D!L9I7;:;88,!AB;!EB;=DGU8!N;:ED9Q!>7@QKJ Radical Unclarity, @:IJ>Q=NP8V!<=DK;DQ@:;B==K!@8!K;W:;K!98!D9K@N9Q!7:NQ9D@EG,!X:NQ9D@EG!@8! K;W:;K!>G!M;9:8!=H!N=MC;E;:E*!D9E@=:9Q*!@:H=DM;K!8C;9P;D8!OTYZ[/\8US! FB=8;!N=MC;E;:N;*!;EN,*!@8!@:K;R;K!E=!EB;!8N=C;!=H!EB;!7:NQ9D@EG!=C;D9J E=D,!AB;!7:NQ9D@EG!@8!D9K@N9Q!8@:N;!@E!;Q@M@:9E;8!NQ;9D!N98;8!=H!7:NQ9D@EG! and 9:K*!EB9E!@8*!NQ;9D!>=DK;DQ@:;!N98;8,!AB@8!D9K@N9Q!7:NQ9D@EG!Q;9K8!E=!9! O>@L9Q;:N;JN=MC9E@>Q;*!:=:J@:E7@E@=:@8ES!9>8=Q7E;!9I:=8E@N@8M!9>=7E! 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L9I7;:;88!EB9E!B9L;!>;;:!C7E!H=DF9DK!>G!iD@IBE*!n9D9*!6B9C@D=!9:K! =H!M@:=D!D;Q;L9:N;,!AB;!D;98=:!H=D!NB==8@:I!NQ9D@EG!@8!EB9E!F;!>;Q@;L;! i@QQ@9M8=:,!c:!9:!9CC;:K@R!Oi. e,!!"#$%&’()*S!L9D@=78!r7;8E@=:8!9>=7E!EB;! @E!E=!>;*!@:!EB;!WD8E!@:8E9:N;*!9:!;C@8E;M@N!r7;8E@=:!FB;EB;D!8=M;EB@:I! ;R@8E;:N;!=H!YZ[/\8!9D;!9:8F;D;K, @8!9!>=DK;DQ@:;!N98;,s 1. Preliminaries (,! i;!E9P;!7EE;D9:N;8!=H!K;NQ9D9E@L;!8;:E;:N;8!98!CD@M9DG!ED7EBJ>;9D;D8_!>7E! FB9E!F;!89G!F=DP8 mutatis mutandis!H=D!8;:E;:N;8J@:JN=:E;RE*!8E9E;M;:E8*!9:K! A9P;!9!6=D@E;8!8;D@;8!F@EB!:7M>;D;K!N=Q=7D!C9ENB;8!D9:I@:I!HD=M!D;K! =EB;D!OC=E;:E@9QS!ED7EBJ>;9D;D8!EB9E!K=!‘78E@N;!E=!EB;!N=:E;RE!8;:8@E@L@EG!=H! E=!=D9:I;,!v9ENB!:7M>;D!(!@8!D;K*!:7M>;D!())!@8!=D9:I;,!6=M;FB;D;!@:! L9I7;!;RCD;88@=:8, >;EF;;:!EB;D;!9D;!C9ENB;8!H=D!FB@NB!@E!@8!7:NQ;9D!FB;EB;D!EB;G!9D;!D;K! 5,! AB;!C9D9M;E;D!dimension!>;N=M;8!D;Q;L9:E!FB;:!=:;!N=:8@K;D8!L9I7;!7EE;DJ 9:N;8!=H!B@IB;D!=DK;D8, =D!=D9:I;J9:KJ:=EJD;K,!i;!78;!EB;!Q;EE;D!F!H=D!Sorites-vague O=D!vague ) S t,! u>L@=78QG*!EB@8!K=;8!:=E!M9P;!78!;C@8E;M@N@8E8,!6=D@E;8!C9D9K=R;8!I;E!EB;@D! predicates*!EB9E!@8!CD;K@N9E;8!EB9E!I@L;!D@8;!E=!WD8EJ=DK;D!6=D@E;8!C9D9J CQ978@>@Q@EG!HD=M!EB;!H9NE!EB9E!F;!can’t tell!EB;!Q98E!N98;!EB9E!89E@8W;8!e. g,!TE9QQU!O=D! K=R;8*!87NB!98!T@8!D;KU_!9:K!a 9:K!a!E=!a !H=D!K;8@I:9E=D8!Q@P;!TN=Q=7D! TK;W:@E;QG!E9QQU*!etc.S,!iB;EB;D!G=7!9D;!9:!;C@8E;M@N@8E!@8!K;N@K;K!>G!FB;EB;D! m n \f[$#/#\f’Z/U![&\Z[+0! g!!5!!g! "#$,!()*!+#,!()!O-%.%/0!1232S ! /%/-++’!d#de[’+ Higher-Order Vagueness, Radical Unclarity, & Absolute Agnosticism cE!@8!NB9D9NE;D@8E@N!H=D!L9I7; !CD;K@N9E;8!EB9E!EB;G!9D;!E=Q;D9:E!9:K! 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EB9E!F9E;D!@8!M7DPGU,!l;D;!NQ9D@EG!@8!9:!98C;NE!=D!CD=C;DEG! =H!L9I7; !CD;K@N9E;8!@8!robust y!@:8=H9D!98!EB;D;!@8!H=D!9!L9I7; !;RCD;8J 6 6 =H!EB@:I8!@:!EB;!F=DQK,!<G!N=:ED98E*!F;!9D;!N=:N;D:;K!F@EB! 8@=:!F!O@:!C!=:!DS!:=E!=:QG!9!>=DK;DQ@:;!?=:;!N=:8@8E@:I!@:!9!:7M>;D!=H! epistemic!NQ9D@EG*!98!@:!TcE!@8!NQ;9D!EB9E!EB@8!9DI7M;:E!@8!L9Q@KU! 87NN;88@L;!>=DK;DQ@:;!N98;8!=H!FB@NB!F;!N9::=E!E;QQ!FB;EB;D!EB;G!9D;! =D!TAB@8!C9ENB!@8!NQ;9DQG!D;KU, F_!F;!9Q8=!N9::=E!E;QQ!FB;D;!EB@8!>=DK;DQ@:;!?=:;!>;I@:8!9:K!FB;D;!@E! ;:K8,!o:G!89E@8H9NE=DG!EB;=DG!=H!L9I7; !CD;K@N9E;8!B98!E=!9NN=7:E!H=D! iii,!! Degrees of clarity!O98!=CC=8;K!E=!B@IB;D!=DK;D8!=H!NQ9D@EGS,! 6 >=EB!E=Q;D9:N;!9:K!D=>78E:;88,z AB;D;!N9:!>;!L9DG@:I!K;ID;;8!=H!;C@8E;M@N!NQ9D@EGV!cE!N9:! >;!NQ;9D!EB9E!Fa*!>7E!:=E!L;DG!NQ;9D,!uD!=:;!>=DK;DQ@:;!N98;! 2. What we are not concerned with N=7QK!8;;M!Q;88!7:NQ;9D!EB9:!9:=EB;D,!67NB!K;ID;;8!=H! A=!CD;J;MCE!M@87:K;D8E9:K@:I8*!F;!M;:E@=:!9!H;F!EB@:I8!F;!9D;!:=E! NQ9D@EG!9D;!K;ID;;8!=H!WD8EJ=DK;D!NQ9D@EG,!AB;!K@p;D;:E!K;J N=:N;D:;K!F@EBV ID;;8!9D;!9QQ!9E!EB;!89M;!Q;L;Q, i,! Any vagueness that is not Sorites vagueness,!n=D!;R9MCQ;*!9QJ iv,! 45"(&67%’869(:8’;<8;"("=>6",,%&’,(?#:"86@A(?7"$"6B%’8$"@A(?7"C- EB=7IB!;RCD;88@=:8!Q@P;!T:@N;U!9:K!TD;Q@I@=:U!9D;!:=!K=7>E! nite’, etc., and their logic,!c:!C9DE@N7Q9D*!F;!9D;!:=E!N=:N;D:;K! L9I7;!@:!8=M;!8;:8;*!F;!9D;!N=:N;D:;K!F@EB!EB;M!=:QG!@H! 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G=7!EB@:P!EB;!reasons why we can’t tell!9D;!;C@8E;M@N,!X8@:I!9!NQ9D@EG!=C;D9E=D! CD=‘;NE!@8!E=!7:;9DEB!EB;!Q=I@N!EB9E!I=L;D:8!L9I7; !CD;K@J @:8E;9K!=H!9!K;W:@E;:;88!=C;D9E=D!EB78!P;;C8!M=D;!=CE@=:8!=C;:,!|D;;:=7IB! 6 O5))tS!@8!B;QCH7Q!=:!EB@8!C=@:E, N9E;8!9:K!EB;@D!>=DK;DQ@:;!?=:;8,!cE!@8!=7D!L@;F!EB9E!9:!@:J ],! i;!D;I9DK!E=Q;D9:N;!98!9!phenomenon!@:!:;;K!=H!;RCQ9:9E@=:,!u:!E=Q;D9:N;! K;CEB!9:9QG8@8!=H!=DK@:9DG!Q9:I79I;!F=:UE!B;QC!F@EB!EB@8! 8;;!9Q8=!iD@IBE!O(}~hS!9:K!O(}~(cid:127)S, CD=‘;NE, h,! AB;!;RCD;88@=:!F98!=D@I@:9QQG!@:ED=K7N;K!>G!A;D;:N;!l=DI9:_!8;;!e. g,!l=DI9:! O(}}]S!C,!((cid:127)5!9:K!:,~, v,! The vagueness of ‘vague’,!X:K=7>E;KQG*!EB;!CD;K@N9E;!TL9I7;U! (cid:127),! (cid:128)H,!n9D9!O5))tS!(}~g(cid:129), @8!@E8;QH!L9I7;*!9:K!@:!EB@8!8;:8;!8;N=:KJ=DK;D!L9I7;:;88*! \f[$#/#\f’Z/U![&\Z[+0! g!!t!!g! 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Description: