Transformations of the State Series Editors:Achim Hurrelmann, Carleton University, Canada;Stephan Leibfried, University of Bremen, Germany;Kerstin Martens,University of Bremen, Germany; Peter Mayer,University of Bremen, Germany. Titles include: Joan DeBardeleben and Achim Hurrelmann (editors) DEMOCRATIC DILEMMAS OF MULTILEVEL GOVERNANCE Legitimacy, Representation and Accountability in the European Union Klaus Dingwerth THE NEW TRANSNATIONALISM Transnational Governance and Democratic Legitimacy Michael Dobbins HIGHER EDUCATION POLICIES IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE Convergence towards a Common Model? Achim Hurrelmann, Steffen Schneider and Jens Steffek (editors) LEGITIMACY IN AN AGE OF GLOBAL POLITICS Kerstin Martens, Alessandra Rusconi and Kathrin Leuze (editors) NEW ARENAS OF EDUCATION GOVERNANCE The Impact of International Organizations and Markets on Educational Policy Making Thomas Rixen THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF INTERNATIONAL TAX GOVERNANCE Peter Starke RADICAL WELFARE STATE RETRENCHMENT A Comparative Analysis Jens Steffek, Claudia Kissling and Patrizia Nanz (editors) CIVIL SOCIETY PARTICIPATION IN EUROPEAN AND GLOBAL GOVERNANCE A Cure for the Democratic Deficit? Michael J. Warning TRANSNATIONAL PUBLIC GOVERNANCE Networks, Law and Legitimacy Hartmut Wessler, Bernhard Peters, Michael Brüggemann, Katharina Kleinen-von Königslöw and Stefanie Sifft TRANSNATIONALIZATION OF PUBLIC SPHERES Hartmut Wessler (editorr) PUBLIC DELIBERATION AND PUBLIC CULTURE The Writings of Bernhard Peters, 1993–2005 Jochen Zimmerman, Jörg R. Werner and Philipp B. Volmer GLOBAL GOVERNANCE IN ACCOUNTING Public Power and Private Commitment Transformations of the State Series Standing Order ISBN 978–1–4039–8544–6 (hardback) Series Standing Order ISBN 978–1–4039–8545–3 (paperback) You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order. Please contact your bookseller or, in case of difficulty, write to us at the address below with your name and address, the title of the series and the ISBNs quoted above. Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS, England This illustration is taken from the original etching in Thomas Hobbes’Leviathan of 1651. Palgrave Macmillan and the editors are grateful to Lucila Muñoz- Sanchez and Monika Sniegs for their help in redesigning the original to illus- trate what ‘transformations of the state’ might mean. The inscription at the top of the original frontispiece reads ‘Non est potestas Super Terram quae Comparetur ei’ (Job 41.33): ‘there is no power on earth which can be compared to him’. In the Bible, this refers to the seamonster, Leviathan. (Original Leviathan image reprinted courtesy of the British Library.) Higher Education Policies in Central and Eastern Europe Convergence towards a Common Model? Michael Dobbins Senior Researcher and Lecturer, University of Konstanz and University of Bremen, Germany © Michael Dobbins 2011 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2011 978-0-230-29139-3 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6-10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2011 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-33199-4 ISBN 978-0-230-29749-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780230297494 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 Contents List of Tables vii List of Illustrations ix List of Abbreviations x Acknowledgements xi Preface xiii 1 Introduction 1 The approach of the book 7 Structure of the book 10 2 Historical Developments and Current Challenges 13 Origins of the European university 14 Central and eastern European universities 18 The Bologna Process 22 3 Convergence in Higher Education Governance? 30 Defining higher education governance 33 A theoretical framework for explaining higher education convergence 49 Potential convergence scenarios 53 4 Higher Education Reform in the Czech Republic 63 The historical context 63 Establishment of a new post-communist system of governance and legislation 65 Conclusions for the pre-Bologna phase 76 Changes in governance patterns in the Bologna phase 78 Cumulative results – The Czech Republic 81 5 Higher Education Reform in Romania 90 The historical context 90 Establishment of a new post-communist system of governance and legislation 94 Conclusions for the pre-Bologna phase 104 Changes in governance patterns in the Bologna phase 105 Cumulative results – Romania 109 v vi Contents 6 Higher Education Reform in Bulgaria 119 The historical context 119 Establishment of a new post-communist system of governance and legislation 123 Conclusions for the pre-Bologna phase 130 Changes in governance patterns in the Bologna phase 131 Cumulative results for Bulgaria 140 Conclusions – Bulgaria 148 7 Higher Education Reform in Poland 150 The historical context 150 Establishment of a new post-communist system of governance and legislation 155 Changes in governance patterns in the Bologna phase 162 Cumulative results – Poland 170 Conclusions – Poland 175 8 Comparative Conclusions 180 Assessing the four convergence scenarios 185 Analysing the impact of the Bologna Process on higher education governance 193 Final thoughts 200 Appendix 201 Interviewed experts 201 Notes 206 Literature References 213 Index 229 Tables 1.1 Selection of countries 9 2.1 Traditional modes of higher education coordination 17 2.2 Higher education coordination in the communist phase 21 2.3 Core objectives of the Bologna Declaration 25 3.1 Mechanisms of policy convergence 33 3.2 General higher education arrangements 43 3.3 Financial governance 46 3.4 Personnel autonomy 47 3.5 Substantive autonomy 48 4.1 Higher education in the Czech and Slovak Republics – Six concluding OECD recommendations 72 4.2 General higher education arrangements in the Czech Republic – cumulative results 83 4.3 Higher education funding mechanisms in the Czech Republic – cumulative results 85 4.4 Personnel autonomy in Czech higher education – cumulative results 86 4.5 Substantive autonomy in Czech higher education – cumulative results 87 5.1 Synthesis of areas, criteria, standards, and performance indicators for quality assurance and accreditation in Romania 110 5.2 General institutional arrangements in Romania – cumulative results 112 5.3 Funding mechanisms in Romanian higher education – cumulative results 113 5.4 Personnel autonomy in Romanian higher education – cumulative results 114 5.5 Substantive autonomy in Romanian higher education – cumulative results 115 6.1 Enrolment in Bulgarian higher education institutions 125 6.2 General higher education arrangements in Bulgaria – cumulative results 138 6.3 Funding mechanisms in Bulgarian higher education – cumulative results 143 vii viii Tables 6.4 Personnel autonomy in Bulgarian higher education – cumulative results 145 6.5 Substantive autonomy in Bulgarian higher education – cumulative results 146 7.1 Participation rates in tertiary education in Poland 156 7.2 General higher education arrangements in Poland – cumulative results 172 7.3 Personnel autonomy in Polish higher education – cumulative results 174 7.4 Higher education funding mechanisms in Poland – cumulative results 175 7.5 Substantive autonomy in Polish higher education – cumulative results 176 8.1 Adoption of market-oriented mechanisms in four CEE countries 185 8.2 The applicability of the proposed scenarios at a glance 199 Illustrations 3.1 The higher education policy arena 35 3.2 Clark’s Higher Education Coordination Triangle 36 3.3 Forces of higher education policy change in CEE in the Bologna phase 61 8.1 Developments in higher education governance applied to Clark’s Triangle 183 ix