High-Yield™ Gross Anatomy, Fifth edition

321 Pages·2014·15.23 MB·English

by  Dr. Ronald W. Dudek PhD

TM
Gross Anatomy
FIFTH
EDITION

TM
Gross Anatomy
FIFTH
EDITION
Ronald W. Dudek, PhD
Professor
Brody School of Medicine
East Carolina University
Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology
Greenville, North Carolina
Thomas M. Louis, PhD
Professor
Brody School of Medicine
East Carolina University
Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology
Greenville, North Carolina
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Fifth Edition
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9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Dudek, Ronald W., 1950- author.
High-yield gross anatomy / Ronald W. Dudek, Thomas M. Louis. – Fifth edition.
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4511-9023-6 (alk. paper)
I. Louis, Thomas, author. II. Title.
[DNLM: 1. Anatomy–Outlines. QS 18.2]
QM31
612.002'02–dc23
2013042519
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PREFACE
High-Yield Gross Anatomy addresses many of the recurring clinical themes of the USMLE Step 1. The
information presented in this text prepares you to handle not only the clinical vignettes found on the
USMLE Step 1, but also the questions concerning basic gross anatomy concepts.
Like the USMLE Step 1, the discussions are comprehensively illustrated with a combination of
drawings, MRIs, CT scans, radiographs, and cross-sectional anatomy. This edition is particularly excit-
ing because we have included colored diagrams and figures to assist the learning process. In addition,
High-Yield Gross Anatomy directly addresses clinical issues and common clinical techniques (e.g., liver
biopsy, tracheostomy, and lumbar puncture) that require knowledge of basic gross anatomy to deduce
the correct answer.
For High-Yield Gross Anatomy, Fifth Edition, Dr. Thomas Louis has again contributed his consider-
able gross anatomy teaching experience to improve and narrow the focus of the book. Dr. Louis has
taught gross anatomy for about 30 years in both cadaver-dissection and computer-assisted distance-
learning gross anatomy courses. He has been a leader in developing computer-assisted distance learn-
ing at the Brody School of Medicine and has received national recognition for his efforts.
Dr. Louis used High-Yield Gross Anatomy in his physician assistant gross anatomy course for 4 years
with excellent success and supplemented the clinical anatomy presented in the book with critical basic
anatomy figures and diagrams to assist students in learning the gross anatomy relationships of these
clinically relevant areas. Dr. Louis and I have added some of these colored figures and diagrams to
further enhance your understanding.
I would appreciate your comments or suggestions about this book, especially after you have taken
the USMLE Step 1, so that future editions can be improved and made more relevant to the test. You
may contact me at [email protected].
Ronald W. Dudek, PhD
v
CONTENTS
Preface v
1 VERTEBRAL COLUMN 1
I. The Vertebral Column 1
II. Normal and Abnormal Curvatures of the Vertebral Column 2
III. Vertebral Levels of Various Anatomical Structures 3
IV. Joints 4
V. Vasculature of the Vertebral Column 5
VI. Clinical Considerations 5
VII. Normal Radiology 10
2 SPINAL CORD AND SPINAL NERVES 14
I. Components of the Spinal Cord 14
II. Meninges and Spaces 14
III. Arterial Supply of the Spinal Cord 16
IV. Components of a Spinal Nerve 16
V. Dermatomes 18
VI. Clinical Procedures 18
VII. Clinical Considerations 21
3 AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM 24
I. General Features of the Nervous System 24
II. Sympathetic Division of the ANS (Thoracolumbar) 24
III. Parasympathetic Division of the ANS (Craniosacral) 28
IV. Summary Table of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Motor Actions 32
4 LYMPHATIC SYSTEM 33
I. Central Lymphatic Drainage 33
II. Summary Diagram of Specific Lymphatic Drainage 34
5 CHEST WALL 36
I. General Features of the Thorax 36
II. Bones of the Thorax 36
III. Muscles of the Thorax 37
IV. Movement of the Thoracic Wall 38
V. Arteries of the Thorax 39
VI. Veins of the Thorax 39
vi
Contents vii
VII. Nerves of the Thorax 39
VIII. Breast 39
IX. Anterior Chest Wall 42
X. Lateral Chest Wall 45
XI. Posterior Chest Wall 47
XII. Mediastinum 47
XIII. Radiology 49
6 PLEURA, TRACHEOBRONCHIAL TREE, LUNGS 53
I. Pleura 53
II. Tracheobronchial Tree 55
III. Lungs 57
IV. Clinical Considerations 59
V. Cross-sectional Anatomy 63
7 THE HEART 70
I. The Pericardium 70
II. Heart Surfaces 71
III. Heart Borders 71
IV. Fibrous Skeleton of the Heart 73
V. Valves and Auscultation Sites 73
VI. Arterial Supply of the Heart 74
VII. Venous Drainage of the Heart 76
VIII. The Conduction System 76
IX. Innervation of the Heart 77
X. Gross Anatomy of the Heart 78
XI. Clinical Considerations 80
XII. Radiology 83
8 ABDOMINAL WALL 89
I. Abdominal Regions and Quadrants 89
II. Muscles 90
III. Clinical Procedure 90
IV. Inguinal Region 91
V. The Scrotum 93
9 PERITONEAL CAVITY 95
I. Peritoneal Cavity 95
II. Omentum 97
III. Intraperitoneal and Extraperitoneal Viscera 97
IV. Clinical Considerations 97
viii Contents
10 ABDOMINAL VASCULATURE 98
I. Abdominal Aorta 98
II. Venous Drainage of Abdomen 100
III. Hepatic Portal System 102
11 ABDOMINAL VISCERA 104
I. Esophagus 104
II. Stomach 107
III. Duodenum 108
IV. Jejunum 111
V. Ileum 111
VI. Innervation of the Small Intestine 112
VII. Large Intestine 112
VIII. Innervation of the Large Intestine 114
IX. Appendix 115
X. Gallbladder 116
XI. Extrahepatic Biliary Ducts 116
XII. Liver 119
XIII. Pancreas 121
XIV. Cross-sectional Anatomy 123
XV. Radiology 126
12 SIGMOID COLON, RECTUM, AND ANAL CANAL 129
I. Sigmoid Colon 129
II. Rectum 131
III. Anal Canal 132
IV. Defecation Reflex 133
V. Radiology 134
13 SPLEEN 135
I. General Features 135
II. Arterial Supply 135
III. Venous Drainage 135
IV. Clinical Considerations 136
V. Radiology 137
14 KIDNEY, URETER, BLADDER, AND URETHRA 138
I. General Features 138
II. Kidney Surface Projections 139
III. Internal Macroscopic Anatomy of the Kidney 139
IV. Arterial Supply 140
V. Venous Drainage 141
Contents ix
VI. Innervation 142
VII. Clinical Considerations of the Kidney 142
VIII. Ureter 143
IX. Urinary Bladder 145
X. Urethra 151
XI. Radiology 152
15 SUPRARENAL (ADRENAL) GLANDS 157
I. General Features 157
II. Arterial Supply 158
III. Venous Drainage 158
IV. Innervation 158
V. Adrenal Cortex 158
VI. Adrenal Medulla 160
16 FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 162
I. Ovaries 162
II. Uterine Tubes 162
III. Uterus 164
IV. Cervix 167
V. Ectocervix 167
VI. Vagina 168
VII. External Genitalia 170
VIII. Innervation of the Female Reproductive System 171
17 MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 172
I. Testes 172
II. Epididymis 176
III. Ductus Deferens 176
IV. Contents of the Spermatic Cord 177
V. Ejaculatory Duct 177
VI. Seminal Vesicles 177
VII. Bulbourethral (BU) Glands of Cowper 177
VIII. Prostate Gland 178
IX. Penis 180
X. Innervation of the Male Reproductive System 182
XI. Erection, Secretion, Emission, and Ejaculation 182
18 PELVIS 183
I. Bones of the Pelvis 183
II. Greater and Lesser Sciatic Foramina 185
III. Pelvic Inlet (Pelvic Brim) 185
IV. Pelvic Outlet 185