High-Tech Fibrous Materials. Composites, Biomedical Materials, Protective Clothing, and Geotextiles

398 Pages·1991·36.229 MB·English

by  Tyrone L. Vigo and Albin F. Turbak (Eds.)

ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 457
High-Tech Fibrous Materials
Composites, Biomedical Materials,
org 01 Protective Clothing, and Geotextiles
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American Chemical Society, Washington, DC 1991
In High-Tech Fibrous Materials; Vigo, T., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1991.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
High-tech fibrous materials: composites, biomedical materials, protective
clothing, and geotextiles
Tyrone L. Vigo, editor, Albin F. Turbak, editor
Developed from a symposium sponsored by the Cellulose, Paper, and
Textile Division of the American Chemical Society at the 198th National
Meeting, Miami Beach, Florida, September 10-15, 1989.
p. cm.—(ACS symposium series, ISSN 0097-6156; 457)
Includes bibliographical references and indexes.
ISBN 0-8412-1985-0
org 01 1. Textile fabrics—Congresses. 2. Textile fibers—Congresses.
cs.w0 3. Geotextiles—Congresses. 4. Protective clothing—Congresses.
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ub45 I. Vigo, Tyrone L., 1939- . II. Turbak, Albin F., 1929- .
p://p91-0 IIIVI.. SAemrieersi.c an Chemical Society. Cellulose, Paper, and Textile Division.
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y 89.Date: American Chemical Society
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PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
In High-Tech Fibrous Materials; Vigo, T., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1991.
ACS Symposium Series
M. Joan Comstock, Series Editor
1991 ACS Books Advisory Board
V. Dean Adams Bonnie Lawlor
org 01 Tennessee Technological Institute for Scientific Information
cs.w0 University
bs.a57.f John L. Massingill
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2012 | 21/bk- Research Laboratories RKroabfte rGt eMnercaGl oFroroidns
ugust 6, oi: 10.10 AUnleivxeirss iTty. oBfe Clla lifornia—Berkeley Julius J. Menn
Ad Plant Sciences Institute,
6 on 991 | Malcolm H. Chisholm U.S. Department of Agriculture
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163.34.1April 3, INnadtiaanliae UFnoivsetresrit y MOfafircseh oafl lA Pghriiclulilptusr al Biotechnology,
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Mary A. Kaiser A. Truman Schwartz
E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Macalaster College
Company
Stephen A. Szabo
Gretchen S. Kohl Conoco Inc.
Dow-Corning Corporation
Robert A. Weiss
Michael R. Ladisch University of Connecticut
Purdue University
In High-Tech Fibrous Materials; Vigo, T., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1991.
Foreword
iHE ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES was founded in 1974 to provide
a medium for publishing symposia quickly in book form. The
format of the Series parallels that of the continuing ADVANCES
IN CHEMISTRY SERIES except that, in order to save time, the
papers are not typeset, but are reproduced as they are submit
org 01 ted by the authors in camera-ready form. Papers are reviewed
cs.w0 under the supervision of the editors with the assistance of the
bs.a57.f Advisory Board and are selected to maintain the integrity of the
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In High-Tech Fibrous Materials; Vigo, T., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1991.
Preface
FlBROUS MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY is a dynamic field in which
exciting, high-performance products are being developed almost daily to
benefit such diverse areas as biomedical and aerospace engineering, con
struction, transportation, pollution control, and body protection. In
recent years, scientists have learned to capitalize on advanced materials
technology to produce products with high-performance features.
The four-day conference upon which this book is based highlighted
org 01 four major areas—composites, biomedical materials, protective clothing,
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Do P strongest fiber, and PBI (polybenzimidazole) blended with Kevlar and
Nomex in clothing that offers protection from knife and bullet wounds.
Also included is information on printing Nomex. Thermal transmission
properties of wool blends with Kevlar, Nomex, Ryton, and Inidex for fire
fighters' clothing, the effects of simultaneous application of intense heat
and dynamic mechanical forces on protective clothing, and the melt-stick
performance of flame-treated polyester-cotton blends further expand the
coverage on protective clothing. The symposium presented the first
reports on user test experience with NeutraTherm, the permanently
affixed polyethylene glycol phase-change treated textiles for controlling
clothing temperature next to the skin, and those results are presented in
Chapter 15. This exciting technological advance represents a totally new
concept in design and comfort.
ix
In High-Tech Fibrous Materials; Vigo, T., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1991.
Geotextiles are given extensive treatment in the book's final section,
which encompasses the chemical compatibility and long-term stability of
geotextiles and their use in waste containment, transportation, and related
areas. Polyester durability, polyolefin stabilization, and fiber glass yarns
are discussed in detail.
As conference co-chairmen and co-editors of this book, we would like
to thank the symposia chairmen, the various individual contributors, and
the staff of the American Chemical Society.
TYRONE L. VIGO*
Southern Regional Research Center
Agricultural Research Service
U.S. Department of Agriculture
New Orleans, LA 70179
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*Also adjunct professor, Textile Department, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia.
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In High-Tech Fibrous Materials; Vigo, T., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1991.
Chapter 1
High-Tech Textiles
Evolution or Revolution
Albin F. Turbak1 and Tyrone L. Vigo2
1Southern College of Technology, 1110 South Marietta Parkway,
Marietta, GA 30060
2Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture,
P.O. Box 19687, New Orleans, LA 70179
org 01
s.acs.7.ch0 The new world of textile technology now encompasses realms of
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The textile industry is one of American's major industries and employs 2.3
million people for producing yarn and converting it into finished textile products.
The American consumer spends $110 billion annually for apparel and an
additional $120 billion for other textiles such as upholstery, furnishings, carpets,
etc. (1). Over two-thirds of all carpets made in the United States and one-third
of all carpets made in the world are produced in the Dalton, Georgia area. This
constitutes about 1.3 billion pounds of this textile product annually (2). Major
U. S. automobile manufacturers (such as General Motors, Ford and Chrysler) use
approximately 18 million yards of fabric in their vehicles. The textile industry
purchases $2 billion worth of new foreign machinery annually on which they pay
0097-6156/91/0457-0001$06.00/0
© 1991 American Chemical Society
In High-Tech Fibrous Materials; Vigo, T., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1991.
2 HIGH-TECH FIBROUS MATERIALS
$110 million in import taxes (3). In spite of this massive machinery purchase
and fantastic domestic consumption, the United States still produces only 13
billion pounds of fiber while it consumes 16 billion pounds - a 3 billion pound
shortfall (4).
With such impressive statistics, one would assume that textiles should be
in a very strong economic position. Yet, exactly the opposite is true! In 1988,
foreign imports of textiles accounted for a $20 billion deficit second only to the
monstrous $55 billion auto import deficit (5). New developments by U. S.
textile companies are few because of two main factors:
1. Leveraged buy outs of textile companies usually leave the new
owners with such massive debt and interest payments that research
and development are immediately sacrificed to improve cash flow.
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9.1e: specially constructed synthetic fibers to produce textile products with exciting and
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denier level and the new textile products are not yet in the realm of the apparel
in the classic movie "The Man in the White Suit", there are many exciting
innovations in diverse areas of technology. These include, but are not limited
to:
1. Biomedical uses for artificial hearts, heart valves, artificial kidneys and
arteries (Figures 1 and 2), improved prosthetic devices, knee and hip
joints, antimicrobial sutures, and optical fibers to guide lasers for
pulverizing kidney stones and for vaporizing arterial-plaque blockage.
2. Transportation uses for making lighter weight and more fuel-efficient
airplanes (Figure 3), vehicles, faster boats, rocket nozzles and ablative
heat shield tiles for the aerospace program.
In High-Tech Fibrous Materials; Vigo, T., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1991.
1. TURBAK & VIGO High-Tech Textiles: Evolution or Revolution 3
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Figure 2. Knit polyester artificial arteries
In High-Tech Fibrous Materials; Vigo, T., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1991.