High-Tech and Micropropagation I

569 Pages·1991·35.501 MB·English

by  Y. P. S. Bajaj (auth.), Professor Dr. Y. P. S. Bajaj (eds.)

Biotechnology in
Agriculture and Forestry 17
High-Tech and Micropropagation I
Edited by Y. P. s. Bajaj
With 222 Figures
Springer-Verlag
Berlin Heidelberg New York
London Paris Tokyo
Hong Kong Barcelona Budapest
Professor Dr. YP.S. BAJAJ
A-137
New Friends Colony
New Delhi 110065, India
ISBN-13:978-3-642-76417-2 e-ISBN-13:978-3-642-76415-8
DOl: 10.1007/978-3-642-76415-8
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data. High-tech and micropropagation / edited
by Y P. S. Bajaj. p. cm. --(Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry; 17) Includes bibliographi
cal references and index.ISBN-13:978-3-642-76417-2(U.S.: alk.paper)1.Plant propagation--In
vitro. I. Bajaj, Y P. S., 1936- . II. Series SB123.6.H54 1991 631.5'3--dc20 91-22304
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Volumes already published
Volume 1: Trees I (1986)
Volume 2: Crops I (1986)
Volume 3: Potato (1987)
Volume 4: Medicinal and Aromatic Plants I (1988)
Volume 5: Trees II (1989)
Volume 6: Crops II (1988)
Volume 7: Medicinal and Aromatic Plants II (1989)
Volume 8: Plant Protoplasts and Genetic Engineering I (1989)
Volume 9: Plant Protoplasts and Genetic Engineering II (1989)
Volume 10: Legumes and Oilseed Crops I (1990)
Volume 11: Somaclonal Variation in Crop Improvement 1(1990)
Volume 12: Haploids in Crop Improvement 1(1990)
Volume 13: Wheat (1990)
Volume 14: Rice (1991)
Volume 15: Medicinal and Aromatic Plants III (1991)
Volume 16: Trees III (1991)
Volume 17: High-Tech and Micropropagation I (1991)
Volumes in preparation
Volume 18: High-Tech and Micropropagation II (1992)
Volume 19: High-Tech and Micropropagation III (1992)
Volume 20: High-Tech and Micropropagation IV
Volume 21: Medicinal and Aromatic Plants IV
Dedicated to
Gitanjali Bajaj
Preface
Micropropagation of plants is a multibillion dollar industry being
practiced in hundreds of small and large nurseries and commercial
laboratories throughout the world. At the present, it is the only
component of plant biotechnology which has been commercially
exploited on such a large scale, especially for the production of
ornamentals. Now micropropagation of trees and medicinal plants
is assuming great importance. With recent progress made in the
propagation of fruit and forest trees, and the immediate need for
afforestation and planting of orchards, propagules and plantlets are
required quickly and in large numbers. Although the basic method
ology of in vitro culture of plant tissues has been fairly mechanized
over the last 25 years, conventional micropropagation methods are
relatively slow, time-consuming, expensive, and labor-intensive; up
to 50 - 80% of the cost of plant production is attributed to labor. In
order to reduce the cost and to increase the efficiency and scale up
of plant production, automation is being incorporated. Robots, mi
crocomputers, and other automated systems of artificial intelligence
have been employed to surface-sterilize tissues, dispense media, and
transfer plants to pots and field. The automatic control of environ
ments in greenhouses to protect cultivation is another area of
tremendous commercial importance.
The use of artificial intelligence, image analysis, video cameras,
bioreactors, mistifiers, automatic production lines, synthetic seed,
storage and cryopreservation of elite genetic stocks, and the comput
erization of information management will facilitate micropropaga
tion and protected cultivation. Judging from the enthusiasm and
interest of biotechnology enterprises, it is envisaged that it will not
be long before we see the routine jobs being done by robots for
industrial micropropagation.
Taking the above-mentioned points into consideration, it ap
peared necessary to review the literature and to present the state of
the art on micro propagation of plants. Thus, 119 chapters contrib
uted by experts from 30 countries are compiled in a series composed
of the following four parts:
High-Tech and Micropropagation I comprises 29 chapters on various
aspects of micropropagation and automation, i.e., setting up a com-
VIII Preface
merciallaboratory, meristem culture, somatic embryogenesis, graft
incompatibility, vitrification, acclimatization, nature and origin of
explants, problems with explant exudates, disposable culture vessels,
induction of rooting, artificial substrates, rockwool, autotrophic
micropropagation, storage and cryopreservation of cultures, quis
cent somatic embryos, synthetic seed, automated systems, artificial
intelligence, use of robots in transplantation, information manage
ment, bioreactors, and computerized greenhouses.
High-Tech and Micropropagation II comprises 27 chapters on Amer
ican sweetglim, black locust, birches, cedar, cocoa, larches, Persian
walnut, poplars, Quercus, sandalwood, Sorbus, apple, pear, peach,
plum, cherry, Citrus, raspberry, strawberry, grapevine, avocado,
kiwi, Japanese persimmon, papaya, pineapple, date palm, and olive
tree.
High-Tech and Micropropagation III comprises 34 chapters on veg
etable and tuber crops, medicinal and aromatic plants, fiber and
oilseed crops, and grasses. The specific plants dealt with include:
asparagus, lettuce, horseradish, cucumber, potato, sweet potato, ar
tichoke, white yam, cardamom, fennel, celery, thyme, leek, mentha,
turmeric, lavender, agave, yucca, cotton, jute, sunflower, ryegrass,
zoysiagrass, and various species of Aconitum, Artemisia, Camelia,
Centaurium, Digitalis, Dioscorea, Glehnia, Parthenium, and Pinella.
High-Tech and Micropropagation IV comprises 29 chapters on orna
mental species of Alstromeria, Antirrhinum, Begonia, Chrysanth
mum, Corn us, Euphorbia, Gardenia, Gladiolus, Hyacinthus, Impa
tiens, Iris, Lycoris, Nemetanthus, Phalaenopsis, Paeonia, Pelargo
nium, Rhododendron, Ruscus, Saintpaulia, Senecio, Syringa, orchids,
cacti, roses, and Boston ferns.
These books will be of use to advanced students, research work
ers, and teachers in horticulture, forestry, tissue culture, and plant
biotechnology in general, and also to individuals interested in com
mercial micropropagation.
New Delhi, September 1991 Professor Y. P. S. BAJAJ
Series Editor
Contents
Section I General Aspects, Factors Affecting Micropropagation,
Meristem Culture, Somatic Embryogenesis, Grafting, Vitrification,
Acclimatization, Disposable Culture Vessels
I.1 Automated Micropropagation for en masse Production
of Plants
YPoSo BAJAJ
1 General Account 3
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2 Problems and Factors Affecting Micropropagation 4
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3 Automation - Robots, Microcomputers, and Artificial
Intelligence 5
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4 Summary and Conclusions 12
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References 12
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I.2 Setting Up a Commercial Micropropagation Laboratory
Ao C. CASSELLS (With 8 Figures)
1 Introduction 17
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2 The Planning Phase 18
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3 Decision on Laboratory Specification 18
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4 The Micropropagation and Ancillary Facilities 19
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5 Research and Development and Quality Assurance 25
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6 Trends in the Micropropagation Industry 27
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7 Conclusions 29
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References 30
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I.3 Micropropagation Through Meristem Culture
Po-J. WANG and A. CHARLES (With 1 Figure)
1 Introduction 32
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2 Shoot Meristem Culture 32
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3 Factors Influencing Disease-Elimination 37
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4 In Vitro Clonal Propagation of Disease Eliminated Plants 40
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5 Long-Term Storage 45
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6 Implications in Commercial Propagation 45
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References 48
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x Contents
1.4 Micropropagation Through Somatic Embryogenesis
in Conifers
S. M. ATTREE and L. C. FOWKE (With 7 Figures)
1 General Account .................................... 53
2 Plant Regeneration .................................. 62
3 Conclusions ........................................ 66
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 67
1.5 Graft Compatibilities in Vitro
R. MOORE (With 9 Figures)
1 Introduction ........................................ 71
2 In Vitro Studies of Graft Compatibility-Incompatibility .. 74
3 Models for Graft Compatibility-Incompatibility. . . . . . . .. 81
4 Future Prospects .................................... 82
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 82
1.6 In Vitro Induction of Flowering and Its Relevance
to Micropropagation
J. VAN STADEN and C. W S. DICKENS (With 2 Figures)
1 Introduction ........................................ 85
2 The Existence of Florigen? Evidence Provided
by in Vitro Studies .................................. 86
3 Studies Concerned with Flower Inhibitors .............. 94
4 Flowering as a Multi-Component System:
Evidence Provided by in Vitro Studies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 95
5 Hormones and in Vitro Flowering ..................... 96
6 Nonhormonal Substances and in Vitro Flowering ........ 103
7 Conclusions ........................................ 107
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 108
I. 7 Vitrification in Micropropagation
T. GASPAR
1 Definition .......................................... 116
2 Morphological, Anatomical, Mechanical and Biochemical
Characteristics ...................................... 116
3 External and Internal Factors Inducing Vitrification . . . . .. 118
4 Remedies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 120
5 Disadvantages ...................................... 121
6 Beneficial Management ............................... 122
7 Conclusions and Prospects ............................ 122
References ............................................ 123
Contents XI
I.8 Acclimatization of Micropropagated Plants
T. KOZAI (With 7 Figures)
1 Introduction ........................................ 127
2 Features of Tissue Culture Environment ................ 127
3 Heterotrophy, Mixotrophy, and Autotrophy ............ 129
4 Increasing Percentage Survival and Growth Rate ........ 130
5 Computer-Controlled Acclimatization Unit ............. 131
6 Concluding Remarks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 137
References ............................................ 140
I.9 The Effect of the Nature and Origin of Explants
on Micropropagation
D. CACHITA-COSMA (With 9 Figures)
1 Introduction ........................................ 142
2 What Is Meant by the Nature and Origin of Explants? ... 142
3 Examples of Explant Reaction ........................ 152
4 Summary ........................................... 166
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 166
1.10 Problems with Explant Exudation in Micropropagation
J. E. PREECE and M. E. COMPTON (With 1 Figure)
1 General Account .................................... 168
2 Phenolic Compounds ................................ 181
3 Oxidation of Phenolics ............................... 184
4 Conclusions ........................................ 185
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 186
1.11 Woody Plant Micropropagation with Cytokinins
J. W EINSET (With 4 Figures)
1 Introduction ........................................ 190
2 Comparative Physiology .............................. 191
3 Cytokinin Biology ................................... 194
4 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 199
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 200
1.12 The Effect of the Culture Vessel on Micropropagation
K. K. KAVANAGH, A. P. DREW, and C. MAYNARD
(With 4 Figures)
1 Introduction ........................................ 202
2 Moisture Conductance ............................... 204
3 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 207
4 Summary and Conclusion ............................ 210
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 211