High-Speed 3D Imaging with Digital Fringe Projection Techniques

218 Pages·2016·13.07 MB·English

by  Zhang, Song

High-Speed 3D Imaging

with Digital Fringe
Projection Techniques
Optical Sciences and Applications of Light
Series Editor
James C. Wyant
University of Arizona
High-Speed 3D Imaging with Digital Fringe Projection Techniques,
Song Zhang
Introduction to Optical Metrology, Rajpal S. Sirohi
Charged Particle Optics Theory: An Introduction, Timothy R. Groves
Nonlinear Optics: Principles and Applications, Karsten Rottwitt and
Peter Tidemand-Lichtenberg
Photonics Modelling and Design, Slawomir Sujecki
Numerical Methods in Photonics, Andrei V. Lavrinenko, Jesper Lægsgaard,
Niels Gregersen, Frank Schmidt, and Thomas Søndergaard
Please visit our website www.crcpress.com for a full list of titles
High-Speed 3D Imaging

with Digital Fringe
Projection Techniques
Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
Boca Raton London New York
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Version Date: 20160210
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Contents
SeriesPreface,xi
Preface,xiii
Author,xvii
CHAPTER 1 (cid:2) Introduction 1
1.1 TIME OF FLIGHT 2
1.2 LASER TRIANGULATION 2
1.3 STEREO VISION 3
1.4 STRUCTURED LIGHT 6
1.4.1 RandomorPseudorandomCodifications 6
1.4.2 BinaryStructuredCodifications 7
1.4.3 N-aryCodifications 10
1.5 DIGITAL FRINGE PROJECTION 11
1.6 BOOK ORGANIZATION 12
1.7 CONCLUDING REMARKS 13
CHAPTER 2 (cid:2) Theoretical Foundation of Fringe
Analysis Techniques 15
2.1 INTRODUCTION 15
2.2 FRINGE PATTERN GENERATION WITH
COHERENT LASER INTERFERENCE 16
2.3 FRINGE ANALYSIS METHODS 18
2.3.1 FourierTransform 18
v
vi (cid:2) Contents
2.3.2 PhaseShifting 20
2.3.2.1 Three-StepPhase-Shifting
Algorithm 21
2.3.2.2 Least-SquaresAlgorithm 23
2.3.2.3 CarréAlgorithm 24
2.3.2.4 HariharanAlgorithm 25
2.4 TWO- AND MULTIWAVELENGTH
PHASE-SHIFTING ALGORITHMS 26
2.5 SUMMARY REMARKS 28
CHAPTER 3 (cid:2) Digital Fringe Generation Technique 29
3.1 INTRODUCTION 29
3.2 BASICS OF DFP SYSTEM 30
3.3 DIGITAL VIDEO PROJECTION TECHNOLOGIES 31
3.3.1 DigitalLightProcessing 32
3.3.2 LiquidCrystalDisplay 34
3.3.3 LiquidCrystalonSilicon 35
3.3.4 PracticalIssuesforUsingDigitalVideo
ProjectionTechnologies 37
3.3.5 ComparingExperimentalResults 40
3.4 SUMMARY REMARKS 44
CHAPTER 4 (cid:2) Temporal Phase Unwrapping for Digital
Fringe Projection Systems 45
4.1 INTRODUCTION 45
4.2 MULTIFREQUENCY PHASE-SHIFTING
ALGORITHM 46
4.3 ADDING MULTIPLE BINARY CODED
STRUCTURED PATTERNS 50
4.4 ENCODING FRINGE ORDER INTO
PHASE-SHIFTED FRINGE PATTERNS 52
4.5 ADDING A SINGLE STAIR PATTERN 56
4.6 ADDING A SINGLE STATISTICAL PATTERN 59
Contents (cid:2) vii
4.7 EMBEDDING STATISTICAL PATTERN INTO
PHASE-SHIFTED PATTERNS 61
4.8 FURTHER DISCUSSION 66
4.9 SUMMARY REMARKS 68
CHAPTER 5 (cid:2) Spatial Phase-Unwrapping Algorithm
for Real-Time Applications 71
5.1 INTRODUCTION 71
5.2 ALGORITHM 74
5.2.1 QualityMapGeneration 74
5.2.1.1 QualityMap1:Background
Removal 74
5.2.1.2 QualityMap2:Phase-Unwrapping
PathGuidance 74
5.2.2 QualityMapQuantization 75
5.2.3 Scan-LineAlgorithm 75
5.2.4 ConventionalQuality-Guided
Phase-UnwrappingAlgorithm 77
5.3 EXPERIMENTS 77
5.4 SUMMARY REMARKS 84
CHAPTER 6 (cid:2) Projector Nonlinear Gamma Calibration
and Correction 85
6.1 INTRODUCTION 85
6.2 PRINCIPLE 86
6.2.1 NonlinearGammaModel 87
6.2.2 EffectofProjectorDefocusing 87
6.2.3 ActiveErrorCompensationMethod 88
6.2.4 PassiveErrorCompensationMethod 91
6.3 SIMULATIONS 92
6.4 EXPERIMENTS 95
6.4.1 HardwareSystemSetup 95
6.4.2 ExperimentalResultsforIn-FocusProjector 96
viii (cid:2) Contents
6.4.3 ExperimentalResultsforOut-of-Focus
Projector 99
6.5 SUMMARY REMARKS 102
CHAPTER 7 (cid:2) Digital Fringe Projection System
Calibration 103
7.1 INTRODUCTION 103
7.2 REFERENCE-PLANE-BASED DFP SYSTEM
CALIBRATION 106
7.3 ACCURATE DFP SYSTEM CALIBRATION 108
7.3.1 CameraPinholeModel 108
7.3.2 ProjectorPinholeModel 110
7.3.3 CameraIntrinsicCalibration 111
7.3.4 ProjectorIntrinsicCalibration 111
7.3.5 Stereo-SystemCalibration 116
7.3.6 Phase-to-CoordinateConversion 118
7.4 EXAMPLE SYSTEM CALIBRATION 120
7.5 CALIBRATION EVALUATION 124
7.6 SUMMARY REMARKS 127
CHAPTER 8 (cid:2) Hands-On Example of System Design
and Development 129
8.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT 129
8.2 MECHANICAL DESIGN AND INTEGRATION 130
8.2.1 DetailedSpecificationsforHardware
Components 130
8.2.2 LensSelection 131
8.2.3 GeometricSystemDesign 133
8.3 CALIBRATION TARGET 134
8.4 SYSTEM CALIBRATION 135
8.4.1 NonlinearGammaCalibration 136
8.4.2 GeometricCalibration 137
Contents (cid:2) ix
8.5 3D RECONSTRUCTION 139
8.6 SUMMARY REMARKS 140
CHAPTER 9 (cid:2) Practical Considerations for System
Development 143
9.1 ANGLE OF FRINGE STRIPES 143
9.2 OTHER CONSIDERATIONS 151
9.2.1 AnglebetweenProjectorandCamera 151
9.2.2 FringeDensity 152
9.2.3 PatternNumber 153
9.2.4 CaptureExposure 154
9.2.5 HardwareComponents 155
9.3 SUMMARY REMARKS 155
CHAPTER 10 (cid:2) Toward High-Speed 3D Imaging with
Phase-Shifting Methods 157
10.1 INTRODUCTION 157
10.2 REAL-TIME 3D IMAGING WITH SINUSOIDAL
FRINGE PROJECTION 159
10.3 SUPERFAST 3D IMAGING WITH
BINARY DEFOCUSING 165
10.4 DISCUSSIONS 173
10.4.1 ChallengeswithSinusoidalFringeProjection
Techniques 173
10.4.2 ChallengeswithBinaryDefocusing
Techniques 176
10.4.3 ApplicationChallenges 177
10.5 SUMMARY REMARKS 178
References,181
Index,191