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High Spatial Resolution Remote Sensing Data, Analysis, and Applications Taylor & Francis Series in Imaging Science Series Editor Qihao Weng Indiana State University Published Titles Remote Sensing Time Series Image Processing Qihao Weng High Spatial Resolution Remote Sensing: Data, Analysis, and Applications Yuhong He and Qihao Weng For more information about this series, please visit: www.crcpress.com High Spatial Resolution Remote Sensing Data, Analysis, and Applications Edited by Yuhong He Qihao Weng CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2018 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed on acid-free paper International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4987-6768-2 (Hardback) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reason- able efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged, please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www. copyright.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: He, Yuhong, 1978- editor. | Weng, Qihao, editor. Title: High spatial resolution remote sensing : data, analysis, and applications / edited by Yuhong He and Qihao Weng. Description: Boca Raton, FL : Taylor & Francis, 2018. | Includes bibliographical references. Identifiers: LCCN 2018006261 | ISBN 9781498767682 (hardback : alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Remote sensing. | Optical radar. | Environmental sciences--Remote sensing. Classification: LCC G70.4 .H53 2018 | DDC 621.36/78--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018006261 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Contents Preface.......................................................................................................................ix Editors .....................................................................................................................xix Contributors ............................................................................................................xxi Section i Data Acquisition and Preprocessing Chapter 1 High-Resolution UAS Imagery in Agricultural Research: Concepts, Issues, and Research Directions ..........................................3 Michael P. Bishop, Muthukumar V. Bagavathiannan, Dale A. Cope, Da Huo, Seth C. Murray, Jeffrey A. Olsenholler, William L. Rooney, J. Alex Thomasson, John Valasek, Brennan W. Young, Anthony M. Filippi, Dirk B. Hays, Lonesome Malambo, Sorin C. Popescu, Nithya Rajan, Vijay P. Singh, Bill McCutchen, Bob Avant, and Misty Vidrine Chapter 2 Building a UAV-Hyperspectral System I: UAV and Sensor Considerations ....................................................................................33 Cameron Proctor Chapter 3 Building a UAV-Hyperspectral System II: Hyperspectral Sensor Considerations and Data Preprocessing .................................49 Cameron Proctor Chapter 4 LiDAR and Spectral Data Integration for Coastal Wetland Assessment .........................................................................................71 Kunwar K. Singh, Lindsey Smart, and Gang Chen Chapter 5 Multiview Image Matching for 3D Earth Surface Reconstruction ......89 Chuiqing Zeng and Jinfei Wang Chapter 6 High-Resolution Radar Data Processing and Applications .............119 Joseph R. Buckley v vi Contents Section ii Algorithms and techniques Chapter 7 Structure from Motion Techniques for Estimating the Volume of Wood Chips ..................................................................................149 Travis L. Howell, Kunwar K. Singh, and Lindsey Smart Chapter 8 A Workflow to Quantify the Carbon Storage in Urban Trees Using Multispectral ALS Data .........................................................165 Xinqu Chen and Jonathan Li Chapter 9 Suitable Spectral Mixing Space Selection for Linear Spectral Unmixing of Fine-Scale Urban Imagery .........................................187 Jian Yang Chapter 10 Segmentation Scale Selection in Geographic Object-Based Image Analysis .................................................................................201 Xiuyuan Zhang, Shihong Du, and Dongping Ming Chapter 11 Computer Vision Methodologies for Automated Processing of Camera Trap Data: A Technological Review ...................................229 Joshua Seltzer, Michael Guerzhoy, and Monika Havelka Section iii case Studies and Applications Chapter 12 UAV-Based Multispectral Images for Investigating Grassland Biophysical and Biochemical Properties ..........................................245 Bing Lu and Yuhong He Chapter 13 Inversion of a Radiative Transfer Model Using Hyperspectral Data for Deriving Grassland Leaf Chlorophyll ................................261 Alexander Tong, Bing Lu, and Yuhong He Chapter 14 Wetland Detection Using High Spatial Resolution Optical Remote Sensing Imagery .................................................................283 Amy B. Mui Contents vii Chapter 15 Geomorphic and Biophysical Characterization of Wetland Ecosystems with Airborne LiDAR: Concepts, Methods, and a Case Study ........................................................................................307 Murray Richardson and Koreen Millard Chapter 16 Fraction Vegetation Cover Extraction Using High Spatial Resolution Imagery in Karst Areas ..................................................347 Xiangkun Qi, Chunhua Zhang, Yuhong He, and Kelin Wang Chapter 17 Using High Spatial Resolution Imagery to Estimate Cherry Orchard Acreage in Michigan ..........................................................361 Kin M. Ma Index ......................................................................................................................375 Preface 1 INTRODUCTION High spatial resolution data provide a novel data source for addressing environmental questions with an unprecedented level of detail. These remote sensing data are a result of significant advances in image acquisition platforms and sensors, including satellite, manned aircraft, and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) platforms. Furthermore, the recent development of commercially operated satellite platforms with high spatial resolution sensors allows for the collection of a large amount of images at regular time intervals, with relatively large footprints (i.e., image swathes). For example, the WorldView series, with the WorldView-1 satellite launched on September 18, 2007, and WorldView-4 launched on November 11, 2016, are capable of resolving objects at 31 cm in the panchromatic band and at 1.24 m in 4 (or 8)-band multispectral over a 13.1-km-wide swath. For a specific study site, these image data can be easily searched and acquired at a reasonable cost through service companies, such as DigitalGlobe. In addition, the recent proliferation of UAVs has made it possible to collect images at spatial and temporal scales that would be impossible using traditional platforms. Many recent works have focused on collecting imagery using UAV-equipped multispectral, hyperspectral, and thermal sensors as well as laser scanners at centimeter resolutions. High (meters) and ultra-high (centimeters) spatial resolution images open a door for fine-scale analysis of objects at the Earth’s surface. A number of scientific journal articles have highlighted the usefulness of high spatial resolution remote sensing, including the use of remote sensing in studying the physical environmental system, the human system, and the interactions between them. Examples in physical environmental studies include fine-scale forest inventory (Mora et al., 2013), wetland plant community identification (Zweig et al., 2015), grassland mapping (Lu and He, 2017), and water resources (Debell et al., 2016). In terms of the human system, high spatial resolution remote sensing has been used to study urban impervious surfaces (Yang and He, 2017), public health (Hartfield et al., 2011), and epidemics (Lacaux et al., 2007). As for human-environment interactions, high-resolution remote sensing has been used for land degradation (Wiesmair et al., 2016), precision farming (Zarco- Tejada et al., 2013), water and air pollution (Yao et al., 2015), and natural hazards (e.g., earthquakes, typhoons, floods, landslides) (Joyce et al., 2009). This increased spatial resolution exasperates the intraclass variability found in an image. For example, in a grassland scene, vegetation leaves, gaps, shadows, and stems are all visible in the pixels of a high spatial resolution image. While this information is potentially useful for mapping purposes, the added details in a high-resolution image pose challenges for image segmentation and feature selection. Furthermore, the number of detectable entities or classes increases with spatial resolution. Traditional information extraction techniques may not operate well at high spatial resolutions due to large data volume and heterogeneous spectral information (Wulder et al., 2004), spurring the need for the development of innovative image processing techniques. To ix

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