High-Skill Migration and Recession: Gendered Perspectives

321 Pages·2016·1.136 MB·English

by  Anna Triandafyllidou, Irina Isaakyan (eds.)

Migration,DiasporasandCitizenship
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Titlesinclude:
AnnaTriandafyllidouandIrinaIsaakyan(editors)
HIGH-SKILLMIGRATIONANDRECESSION
GenderedPerspectives
CindyHorst,GodfriedEngbersen,MariaLucindaFonsecaand
OliverBakewell
BEYONDNETWORKS
FeedbackinInternationalMigration
BridgetAndersonandVanessaHughes(editors)
CITIZENSHIPANDITSOTHERS
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MIGRATIONANDCARELABOUR
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CONTESTINGINTEGRATION,ENGENDERINGMIGRATION
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LorettaBass
AFRICANIMMIGRANTFAMILIESINANOTHERFRANCE
MichaelaBensonandNickOsbaldiston
UNDERSTANDINGLIFESTYLEMIGRATION
TheoreticalApproachestoMigrationandtheQuestfora
BetterWayofLife
GlendaBonifacioandMariaKontos
MIGRANTDOMESTICWORKERSANDFAMILYLIFE
InternationalPerspectives
MichaelCollyer
EMIGRATIONNATIONS
PoliciesandIdeologiesofEmigrantEngagement
DanielConwayandPaulineLeonard
MIGRATION,SPACEANDTRANSNATIONALIDENTITIES
TheBritishinSouthAfrica
RosieCox(editor)
SISTERSORSERVANTS
AuPairs’LivesinGlobalContext
SaniyeDedeoglu
MIGRANTS,WORKANDSOCIALINTEGRATION
Women’sLabourintheTurkishEthnicEconomy
AsuncionFresnoza-FlotandItaruNagasaka(editors)
MOBILECHILDHOODSINFILIPINOTRANSNATIONALFAMILIES
MigrantChildrenwithSimilarRootsinDifferentRoutes
JaneGarnettandSondraL.Hausner
RELIGIONINDIASPORA
CulturesofCitizenship
EleonoreKofmanandParvatiRaghuram
GENDEREDMIGRATIONSANDGLOBALSOCIALREPRODUCTION
CatrinLundström
WHITEMIGRATIONS
Gender,WhitenessandPrivilegeinTransnationalMigration
MajellaKilkey,DianePerronsandAniaPlomien
GENDER,MIGRATIONANDDOMESTICWORK
Masculinities,MaleLabourandFatheringintheUKandUSA
AmandaKlekowskivonKoppenfels
MIGRANTSOREXPATRIATES?
AmericansinEurope
DominicPasura
AFRICANTRANSNATIONALDIASPORAS
FracturedCommunitiesandPluralIdentitiesofZimbabweansinBritain
HelenSchwenkenandSabineRuß-Sattar
NEWBORDERANDCITIZENSHIPPOLITICS
ShanthiRobertson
TRANSNATIONALSTUDENT-MIGRANTSANDTHESTATE
TheEducation-MigrationNexus
OliviaSheringham
TRANSNATIONALRELIGIOUSSPACES
FaithandtheBrazilianMigrationExperience
EvanSmithandMarinellaMarmo
RACE,GENDERANDTHEBODYINBRITISHIMMIGRATIONCONTROL
SubjecttoExamination
HelenTaylor
REFUGEESANDTHEMEANINGOFHOME
CypriotNarrativesofLoss,LongingandDailyLifeinLondon
HollyThorpe
TRANSNATIONALMOBILITIESINACTIONSPORTCULTURES
LouiseWaite,GaryCraig,HannahLewisandKlaraSkrivankova
VULNERABILIY,EXPLOITATIONANDMIGRANTS
InsecureWorkinaGlobalisedEconomy
VronWare
MILITARYMIGRANTS
FightingforYourCountry
HaraldBauderandChristianMatheis
MIGRATIONPOLICYANDPRACTICE
InterventionsandSolutions
Migration,DiasporasandCitizenship
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High-Skill Migration and
Recession
Gendered Perspectives
Editedby
Anna Triandafyllidou
Professor,EuropeanUniversityInstitute,Italy
Irina Isaakyan
ResearchAssociate,EuropeanUniversityInstitute,Italy
Selectionandeditorialmatter©AnnaTriandafyllidouand
IrinaIsaakyan2016
Individualchapters©Respectiveauthors2016
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2016 978-1-137-46710-2
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Highskillmigrationandrecession:genderedperspectives/
AnnaTriandafyllidou,IrinaIsaakyan.
pages cm.—(Migration,diasporasandcitizenship)
1. Skilledlabor. 2. Laborsupply. 3. Women—Employment.
4. Womenforeignworkers. 5. Womenintheprofessions.
6. Emigrationandimmigration—Economicaspects. 7. Recessions.
I. Triandafyllidou,Anna,editor. II. Isaakyan,Irina,1970—editor.
HD5706.H5352015
331.4086(cid:2)912—dc23 2015023914
Contents
ListofFiguresandTables vii
Preface x
NotesonContributors xii
ListofAbbreviations xvi
Part I FemaleHigh-SkillMigration:Conceptsand
Dynamics
1 FemaleHigh-SkillMigrationinthe21stCentury:The
ChallengeoftheRecession 3
IrinaIsaakyanandAnnaTriandafyllidou
2 EuropeanPoliciestoAttractTalent:TheCrisisandHighly
SkilledMigrationPolicyChanges 22
LucieCernaandMathiasCzaika
3 FemaleHigh-SkilledEmigrationfromSouthernEuropeand
IrelandaftertheCrisis 44
CarmenGonzálezEnríquezandAnnaTriandafyllidou
4 CrisisandBeyond:Intra-EUMobilityofPolishandSpanish
MigrantsinaComparativePerspective 69
PawełKaczmarczykandMikolajStanek
Part II FemaleHigh-SkillMigration:ASector-Specific
Approach
5 MigrationofNursesandDoctorsintheEUandtheEuropean
FreeTradeAssociation 103
GillesDussault,JamesBuchanandIsabelCraveiro
6 MigrationofEngineersandtheGenderDimension 124
MatthewDixon
7 SouthernEuropeanHighlySkilledFemaleMigrantsin
Male-DominatedSectorsinTimesofCrisis:ALookintothe
ITandEngineeringSectors 160
RubyGropasandLauraBartolini
8 InternationalStudents’Mobility,GenderDimensionandCrisis 193
MartaMoskal
v
vi Contents
9 ExploringtheIntersectingImpactofGenderandCitizenship
onSpatialandAcademicCareerMobility 215
KyokoShinozaki
Part III ProblemsandSolutions:TowardsaNew
UnderstandingoftheFemaleHigh-SkillMigrantin
Europe
10 TheProblemofSkillWasteamongHighlySkilledMigrant
WomenintheUKCareSector 241
SondraCuban
11 AmericanWomeninSouthernEurope:ANewSourceof
High-SkillWorkforcefortheEurocrisisZone 265
IrinaIsaakyan
12 Re-ThinkingtheGenderDimensionofHigh-SkillMigration 293
AnnaTriandafyllidouandIrinaIsaakyan
Index 306
Figures and Tables
Figures
2.1 Salarythresholdsandratioscomparedtogrossannual
salariespermemberstate 30
3.1 Genderdistributionpercountryoforigin 50
3.2 Genderandagedistribution 51
3.3 Fieldofstudiesandgender 52
3.4 Typeofemploymentcontractatthecountryoforiginand
gender 52
3.5 Reasonsforleaving(multipleunlimitedchoice) 53
3.6 Typeofoccupationatthedestinationcountryandgender 55
3.7 Monthlyincomeandgender 56
3.8 Monthlygrossearningsamongengineers 57
3.9 MonthlygrossearningsamongITandcomputer
professionals 57
3.10 Monthlygrossearningsamongeconomics,management
andbusinessprofessionals 58
3.11 Maindestinationcountries 59
4.1 RealGDPgrowthratesofEU-27andselectedmemberstates
(%) 72
4.2 GeneralgovernmentgrossdebtofEU-27andselected
memberstates(%ofGDP) 74
4.3 UnemploymentratesofEU-27andselectedmemberstatesin
totalactivepopulationandunemploymentratesofactive
personsagedlessthan25(%) 75
4.4 Unemploymentratesoftertiary-educatedpersonsofEU-27
andselectedmemberstates 77
4.5 StockofPolishandSpanishrecentmigrantsinEUcountries
(2008–2014)(thirdquarter) 80
4.6 StockofPolishandSpanishmigrantsinEUcountries 82
4.7 StockofrecentPolishandSpanishmigrants(threeyearsor
lesssincearrival)residingintheEU,selectedagegroups,
2008–2014(thirdquarter) 83
4.8 ShareofwomenamongPolishandSpanishmigrantsinthe
EU(threeyearsorlesssincearrival),2008–2014(third
quarter) 84
4.9 Shareoftertiary-andprimary-educatedpersonsamong
PolishandSpanishmigrantsintheEU(threeyearsorless
sincearrival),2008–2014(thirdquarter) 85
vii
viii ListofFiguresandTables
4.10 Shareoftertiary-andprimary-educatedpersonsamong
PolishandSpanishfemalemigrantsintheEU(threeyearsor
lesssincearrival),2008–2014(thirdquarter) 86
4.11 OccupationalpositionofPolishandSpanish
tertiary-educatedfemalemigrantsintheEU(threeyearsor
lesssincearrival)2008–2014(thirdquarter) 87
6.1 Percentageofwomeninscienceandengineering
professionaloccupations(ISCO210)inEUmemberstates,
1–highest‘FemaleFraction’ 148
6.2 Percentageofwomeninscienceandengineering
professionaloccupations(ISCO210)inEUmemberstates,
2–intermediate‘FemaleFraction’ 149
6.3 Percentageofwomeninscienceandengineering
professionaloccupations(ISCO210)inEUmemberstates,
3–lowest‘FemaleFraction’ 150
6.4 Percentageofwomeninscienceandengineeringassociate
professionaloccupations(ISCO310)inEUmemberstates,
1–highest‘FemaleFraction’ 151
6.5 Percentageofwomeninscienceandengineeringassociate
professionaloccupations(ISCO310)inEUmemberstates,
2–intermediate‘FemaleFraction’ 152
6.6 Percentageofwomeninscienceandengineeringassociate
professionaloccupations(ISCO310)inEUmemberstates,
3–lowest‘FemaleFraction’ 153
7.1 Share(%)ofdegreesawardedtowomen,selectedfieldsof
study(2012) 164
7.2 Sectorofemploymentbeforemigration:Shareontotal
employedbysexandcountryoforigin(%) 173
7.3 Country/areaofdestination,bysexandcountryoforigin 174
7.4 Shareofemploymentbefore(incountryoforigin)andafter
emigration(atdestination),bysexandcountryoforigin 175
7.5 Typeofemploymentafteremigration(atdestination),bysex
andcountryoforigin(onlyemployed) 176
7.6 Incomeclasses((cid:2))aftermigration(atdestination),bysex 176
7.7 Satisfactionwithincomeaftermigration,bysex 177
9.1 ‘Highlyqualified’categoryofmigrantsbygender 222
9.2 ‘Highlyqualified’migrantsfrom2005to2013 222
9.3 Thenumberofnon-GermanacademicsatGermanHEIs 226
9.4 AcademicsinGermanHEIsbycitizenship 227
9.5 Shareofwomenacademicsinnon-migrantandmigrant
academics 228
ListofFiguresandTables ix
Tables
2.1 Immigrationrateandgendercompositionofhigh-skilled
immigrantstocks(in%) 32
2.2 High-skilledimmigrationundernationalschemesandEU
BlueCard(inthousands) 33
2.3 Gender–paygapsintheEU(in%) 36
3.1 Occupationalsituationandfamilystatus 54
3.2 Typeofworkcontract 55
3.3 Difficultiesfacedatdestinationcountry(multipleunlimited
choice),bygenderandcountryoforigin 60
3.4 Socio-demographicvariablesandgender 63
3.5 Labourmarketinsertionandgender 64
4.1 OutflowsfromSpainbynationalityandcountryofbirth
(2008–2014) 82
5.1 Push-and-pullfactorsmotivatingthedecisiontomigrate 112
6.1 Structureoftheengineeringworkforce 129
6.2 Broadworkareaswithinsomeengineering‘disciplines’
(showingsomesafety-critical/regulatedspecificactivities) 134
6.3 Graduatesfromtertiaryeducation,byfieldofeducationand
sex,EU-28,2011 146
6.4 Femalepercentagesofengineeringtertiary-education
outcomesandinrelevantworkforceoccupations,bycountry 147
7.1 Totalandfemaleemigrationratebycountryofbirth(age
15+) 165
7.2 HighlyskilledemigrantsinengineeringandIT,demographic
characteristicsbysexandcountryoforigin 171
7.3 Shareofemployedrespondentsbeforemigration,bysexand
countryoforigin 172
7.4 Orderedlogisticmodelforthelevelofincome(oddsratios) 179
7.5 Logisticregressionmodel–satisfactionwithcurrentincome
(oddsratios) 183
8.1 HEstudentsintheUKin2013/2014,bysexandselected
domicile 195
8.2 HEpostgraduatestudentenrolmentintheUKin2013/14 195
8.3 Topnon-EEAcountriesin2013/14and2012/13forHE
overseasstudentsintheUK 196
8.4 TopEEAcountriesin2013/14and2012/13forHEoverseas
studentsintheUK 196
9.1 ‘Highlyqualified’migrantsfrom2005to2013 221
9.2 Shareofacademicsbycitizenshipandgender 228
10.1 Sampleof60participants 245