High Sensitivity Magnetometers PDF
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Smart Sensors, Measurement and Instrumentation 19 Asaf Grosz Michael J. Haji-Sheikh Subhas C. Mukhopadhyay Editors High Sensitivity Magnetometers Smart Sensors, Measurement and Instrumentation Volume 19 Series editor Subhas Chandra Mukhopadhyay School of Engineering and Advanced Technology (SEAT) Massey University (Manawatu) Palmerston North New Zealand e-mail: [email protected] More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/10617 Asaf Grosz Michael J. Haji-Sheikh (cid:129) Subhas C. Mukhopadhyay Editors High Sensitivity Magnetometers 123 Editors Asaf Grosz SubhasC. Mukhopadhyay Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Massey University (Manawatu) Beer-Sheva Palmerston North Israel NewZealand Michael J.Haji-Sheikh Northern Illinois University DeKalb, IL USA ISSN 2194-8402 ISSN 2194-8410 (electronic) Smart Sensors, Measurement andInstrumentation ISBN978-3-319-34068-5 ISBN978-3-319-34070-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-34070-8 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2016942777 ©SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2017 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission orinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfrom therelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinor foranyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade. Printedonacid-freepaper ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbySpringerNature TheregisteredcompanyisSpringerInternationalPublishingAGSwitzerland Contents Induction Coil Magnetometers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Kunihisa Tashiro Parallel Fluxgate Magnetometers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Michal Janosek Orthogonal Fluxgate Magnetometers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Mattia Butta Giant Magneto-Impedance (GMI) Magnetometers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Christophe Dolabdjian and David Ménard Magnetoelectric Magnetometers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Mirza I. Bichurin, Vladimir M. Petrov, Roman V. Petrov and Alexander S. Tatarenko Anisotropic Magnetoresistance (AMR) Magnetometers. . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 Michael J. Haji-Sheikh and Kristen Allen Planar Hall Effect (PHE) Magnetometers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 Vladislav Mor, Asaf Grosz and Lior Klein Giant Magnetoresistance (GMR) Magnetometers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 Candid Reig and María-Dolores Cubells-Beltrán MEMS Lorentz Force Magnetometers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 Agustín Leobardo Herrera-May, Francisco López-Huerta and Luz Antonio Aguilera-Cortés Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID) Magnetometers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 Matthias Schmelz and Ronny Stolz Cavity Optomechanical Magnetometers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313 Warwick P. Bowen and Changqiu Yu v vi Contents Planar Magnetometers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339 Asif I. Zia and Subhas C. Mukhopadhyay Magnetic Resonance Based Atomic Magnetometers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361 Antoine Weis, Georg Bison and Zoran D. Grujić Nonlinear Magneto-Optical Rotation Magnetometers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425 Wojciech Gawlik and Szymon Pustelny Spin Exchange Relaxation Free (SERF) Magnetometers. . . . . . . . . . . . 451 Igor Mykhaylovich Savukov Helium Magnetometers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493 Werner Heil Microfabricated Optically-Pumped Magnetometers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523 Ricardo Jiménez-Martínez and Svenja Knappe Magnetometry with Nitrogen-Vacancy Centers in Diamond . . . . . . . . . 553 Kasper Jensen, Pauli Kehayias and Dmitry Budker Abstract Oneapproachtothedevelopmentofmagnetometersisthepursuitofanidealdevice that meets the demands and limitations of all the possible applications. Such an ideal device must haveultra-high resolution,ultra-lowpower consumption,a wide dynamic range and bandwidth, as well as being ultra-miniature, inexpensive, operableoverawiderangeoftemperaturesandmore,which,alltogether,doesnot seem realistic. Sincethissilverbulletiscurrentlyunachievable,researchersareseekingoptimal, ratherthanideal,magnetometers.Anoptimalmagnetometeristhatwhichbestfitsa setofrequirementsdictatedbyaspecificapplication.However,thelargenumberof applications employing magnetic sensors leads to a great variety of requirements and, naturally, also to a large number of “optimal magnetometers”. The aim of this book is to assist the readers in their search for their optimal magnetometer.Thebookgathers,forthefirsttime,anoverviewofnearlyallofthe magnetic sensors that exist today. This broad overview exposes the readers, rela- tively quickly, to a wide variety of sensors. The book offers the readers thorough and comprehensive knowledge, from basics to the state-of-the-art, and is therefore suitable for both beginners and experts. From the more common and popular AMR magnetometers and up to the recently developed NV center magnetometers, each chapter describes a specific type of sensor and provides all the information that is necessary to understand the magnetometer behavior, including theoretical background, noise model, materials, electronics, design and fabrication techniques. Weinvitestudents,researchersandengineerstolearnmoreaboutthefascinating world of magnetic sensing. vii Induction Coil Magnetometers Kunihisa Tashiro Abstract This chapter describes induction magnetometers with air-core coils for weak magnetic fields detection. In order to explain the historical background, the introduction provides the useful references through the author’s experiences. Two detectionmodels,thevoltageandcurrentdetectionmodel,canhelptounderstandof theoperationalprinciple.Becausethekeycomponentsarethecoilsandelectronics, practically useful design tips are summarized. Some experimental demonstration results with well-designed induction magnetometers are also mentioned. 1 Introduction Because the study of induction magnetometers has long history in many research fields, this magnetometers are also given several names as induction sensors (ISs), induction magnetic field transducers (ITs), search coil magnetometers (SCMs), magneticantenna,coilsensors,andpickupcoils.Theyhavebeenusedmanyyears to measure micropulsations of the Earth’s magnetic field in ground-based stations [1], to study of magnetic field variations in space plasmas [2], and to several scientific spacecraft missions [3]. Although fluxgate is well adapted for weak magnetic field from dc to a few Hz, while induction magnetometers extend the frequencybandmeasurementfromfew100 MHztofewkHz[4].Averyimportant advantage of induction magnetometers is that they are completely passive sensors: they do not require any internal energy source to convert magnetic field into electrical signal. The only power consumption associated with a search coil is that neededforsignalprocessing[5].Inductionmagnetometersareoneoftheoldestand most well-known types of magnetic sensors, and they can cover numerous appli- cations. Several good review papers [6–8] and handbooks [9–11] published in the 21stcenturymayhelptofollowthem.Althoughtherearealotofmagneticsensors K.Tashiro(&) SpinDeviceTechnologyCenter(SDTC),ShinshuUniversity,Wakasato4-17-1, Nagano,Japan e-mail:[email protected] ©SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2017 1 A.Groszetal.(eds.),HighSensitivityMagnetometers,SmartSensors, MeasurementandInstrumentation19,DOI10.1007/978-3-319-34070-8_1 2 K.Tashiro are proposed, the study of induction magnetometer is still attractive to this author. One of the reason is that the technical details are still difficult to answer, clearly. Themotivationofthischapteristoprovideauthor’sexperiencesandtipsrelatedto study the induction magnetometer. The “first contact” of this author to the induction magnetometers was related to the biomagnetic measurements. Although SQUID sensors are common tool in this measurements atpresent, they did not exist when the evidence for the existence of magneticfieldsfromhumanheart[12]andbrain[13]werepresented.Fortheboth magnetocardiography (MCG) and magnetoencephalograpy (MEG) measurements, the signals were measured with induction magnetometers whose operational prin- ciple was voltage detection mode. Because of the operational principle based on Faraday’sinductionlaw,thepickupcoilhasamagnetic(ferrite)coreandlargethe numberofwindingsasone-millionortwo-million.Althoughtheuseofamagnetic coremakesthesensitivityhigh,theestimationofeffectivepermeabilityisoneofthe difficult problem [14]. Because theoretical estimation of demagnetization factor onlyexistsforanellipsoidalbodywhichisplacedinauniformmagneticfield.This chapter does not focuses on the design of the magnetic cores. In order to weak, low-frequency magnetic field, reduction of environmental magnetic fields is nec- essary. The design and construction of magnetic shielded room [15] were very important for the success of the first MEG measurements. In other words, the necessity of the magnetic shielded room is a barrier to install the MEG system for local hospitals. In case of the first MCG measurements, the environmental noise was suppressed by the use of the signal conditioning circuit and gradiometer, two pickup coil connected in anti-parallel direction. In fact, the author also confirmed that the possibility to detect the MCG signal outside the magnetic shielded room [16]. It should be noted that the electrical interferences should be reduced by choosing suitable grounding points and simple electrical shielding enclosure, Faraday cage. The motivation to start studying the induction magnetometers was not for the MCG measurements; it was the demands for a magnetic shield evaluation. Compared with the geomagnetic field (dc field), the amplitude of environmental magnetic fields at 50/60 Hz in our living environmental is low. And the perfor- manceindcfieldsisusuallylimitedbytheinternalmagneticfieldproducedbyown magneticlayers,sothat thefluxgateisenoughtotheevaluationindcperformance [17]. When the magnetic shield to be evaluated is placed with a sufficient distance from electrical devices or power lines, the amplitude of environmental magnetic field at 50/60 Hz were usually less than 0.1 µT. The magnetic shielding factor is usuallydefinedbytheratioofexternaltointernalfieldstrength.Iftheevaluationof magnetic shielding factor is larger than 100,000, the corresponding magnetic field inside themagneticshieldislessthan 1 pT.AlthoughSQUIDsensorscanbeused forthisevaluation,theinterferencesofurbanRFnoisesshouldbereducedbecause they disturbs the measurement results [18]. Compared with a commercially avail- able fluxgate, the advantages of induction magnetometers are very attractive [19].
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