High Reynolds Number Flows Using Liquid and Gaseous Helium: Discussion of Liquid and Gaseous Helium as Test Fluids PDF
Preview High Reynolds Number Flows Using Liquid and Gaseous Helium: Discussion of Liquid and Gaseous Helium as Test Fluids
High Reynolds Number Flows Using Liquid and Gaseous Helium Russell J. Donnelly Editor High Reynolds NUlllber Flows Using Liquid and Gaseous Helium Discussion of Liquid and Gaseous Helium as Test Fluids Including papers from The Seventh Oregon Conference on Low Temperature Physics, University of Oregon, October 23-25, 1989 With 180 Figures Springer-Verlag New York Berlin Heidelberg London Paris Tokyo Hong Kong Barcelona Budapest Russell J. Donnelly Department of Physics University of Oregon Eugene, OR 97403 USA Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data High Reynolds number flows using liquid and gaseous helium : discussion of liquid and gaseous helium as test fluids : including papers from the Seventh Oregon Conference on Low Temperature Physics, University of Oregon, October 23-25, 1989/ sponsored by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency through the United States Office of Naval Research: [edited] by Russell J. Donnelly. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN-13:978-1-4612-7799-6 l. Fluid dynamics-Congresses. 2. Reynolds number-Congresses. 3. Helium - Congresses. 4. Liquid helium - Congresses. I. Donnelly, Russell J. II. Oregon Conference on Low Temperature Physics (7th: 1989 : University of Oregon) III. United States. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. IV. United States. Office of Naval Research. QC150.H55 1991 532'.05-dc20 91-32312 Printed on acid-free paper. © 1991 Springer-Verlag New York, Inc. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1991 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY, 10010, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereaf ter developed is forbidden. The use of general descriptive names, trade names, trademarks, etc., in this publication, even if the former are not especially identified, is not to be taken as a sign that such names, as understood by the lrade Marks and Merchandise Marks Act, may accordingly be used freely by anyone. Production managed by Hal Henglein; manufacturing supervised by Jacqui Ashri. Camera-ready copy prepared by the contributors. 987654321 ISBN-13:978-1-4612-7799-6 e-ISBN-13:978-1-4612-3108-0 DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4612-3108-0 Preface Liquid helium has been studied for its intrinsic interest through much of the 20th century. In the past decade, much has been learned about heat transfer in liquid helium because of the need to cool superconducting magnets and other devices. The topic of the Seventh Oregon Conference on Low Temperature Physics was an applied one, namely the use of liquid and gaseous helium to generate high Reynolds number flows. The low kinematic viscosity of liquid helium automatically makes high Reynolds numbers accessible and the question addressed in this conference was to explore various possibilities to see what practical devices might be built using liquid or gaseous helium. There are a number of possibilities: construction of a wind tunnel using critical helium gas, free surface testing, low speed flow facilities using helium I and helium ll. At the time of the conference, most consideration had been given to the last possibility because it seemed both possible and useful to build a flow facility which could reach unprecedented Reynolds numbers. Such a device could be useful in pure research for studying turbulence, and in applied research for testing models much as is done in a water tunnel. In order to examine these possibilities in detail, we invited a wide range of experts to Eugene in October 1989 to present papers on their own specialties and to listen to presentations on the liquid helium proposals. While many of our attendees were not known to one another before the conference, it soon became evident that there were exciting things to talk about and that the proceedings of the conference should appear in permanent form. I was fortunate enough to contact Dr. Thomas von Foerster of Springer-Verlag in New York, who agreed to publish the results of the conference as a small volume. The papers presented here were prepared after the decision to have a published record, and an effort has been made to include ideas which came from the conference and from subsequent research. As a result the papers here are less of a conference report than contributions to a volume proposing the use of helium as a test fluid. I have written the first article as an attempt to outline what I know on the subject of testing with liquid and gaseous helium, some of which was learned after the conference ended. I have attempted to make this article self-contained as an introduction to the subject. The remaining papers fill out many of the details which I have been unable to cover in my own survey. These papers concern existing facilities and research programs, ranging from testing of models to modem research in turbulence. The final seven papers explore various aspects of low temperature physics which bear on the practical possibility of high Reynolds numbers research with liquid and gaseous helium. We reproduce an important paper on high Reynolds number wind tunnels vi Preface by courtesy of Dr. Ronald Smelt of Oakland, Oregon. Smelt wrote this paper in 1945 as Chief of High Speed Flight at the Royal Aircraft Establishment, Famborough, England. The paper became available only in 1979, 34 years after he wrote it. Now retired from the position of Vice President and Chief Scientist of Lockheed Aircraft Corporation, I came to know him only after this conference took place. Early support for the idea of generating high Reynolds numbers using liquid helium came from Gary W. Jones of DARPA, who made funds available through ONR in a program administered by Edwin Rood. I am grateful to Gary Jones and Edwin Rood for their support and to Patrick Purtell for continuing support from ONR through grant ONR NOOOI4-89-1274. The Oregon Conferences on Low Temperature Physics have concentrated on supertluidity, one of the most fundamental subjects in condensed matter physics. It has been a remarkable experience to come to know the engineers whose brilliant work in testing and in turbulence is represented by the papers in this volume. I hope the discussions presented here will prove to be but the first step in the common goal of engineers and scientists in achieving the highest Reynolds numbers in a controlled environment. August, 1991 Russell J. Donnelly Contents Preface v Contributors ix Introduction Liquid and Gaseous Helium as Test Fluids 3 Russell J. Donnelly Modern Wind Tunnels Cryogenic Wind Tunnels 53 Robert A. Kilgore Aerodynamic Testing in Cryogenic Nitrogen Gas - A Precursor to Testing in Super fluid Helium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Pierce L. Lawing High Reynolds Number Test Requirements in Low Speed Aerodynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 D.M. Bushnell and G.C. Greene Flow Visualization 87 Leonard M. Weinstein On the Measurement of Subsonic Flow Around an Appended Body of Revolution at Cryogenic Conditions in the NTF . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 105 D.W. Coder, S.G. Flechner, and J.B. Peterson, Jr. Water Thnnels 125 Lisa J. Bjarke The Six Component Magnetic Suspension System for Wind Tunnel Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 131 M.J. Goodyer Magnetic Suspension - Today's Marvel, Tomorrow's Tool 153 Pierce L. Lawing viii Contents Recent Aerodynamic Measurements with Magnetic Suspension Systems ......................................... 165 Colin P. Britcher Remarks on High-Reynolds-Number Turbulence Experiments and Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 181 K.R. Sreenivasan Helium Micro and Macro Turbulence in Superfluid Helium 187 K.W. Schwarz Application of Flow Visualization Technique to Superf low Experiment .......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 209 N. Ichikawa and M. Murakami Laser Doppler Velocimeter Applied to Superf low Measurement .... 215 M. Murakami, T. Yamazaki, A. Nakano, and H. Nakai Experimental Investigations of He II Flows at High Reynolds Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 223 S.W. Van Sciver A Study of Homogeneous Turbulence in Superf luid Helium 233 Michael R. Smith and Russell J. Donnelly Thermal Convection in Liquid Helium ......................... 243 Joseph J. Niemela and Russell J. Donnelly Helium Fluid Flow Facility Cryogenic System .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 253 G.E. McIntosh and K.R. Leonard Appendix Power Economy in High-Speed Wind Thnnels by Choice of Working Fluid and Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 265 R. Smelt Contributors Russell J. Donnelly Physics Department University of Oregon Willamette Hall Eugene, OR 97403 Robert Kilgore Applied Aerodynamics Division NASA Langley Research Center MS285 Hampton, VA 23665-5225 Pierce Lawing NASA Langley Research Center MS267 Hampton, V A 23665-5225 D.M. Bushnell NASA Langley Research Center Hampton, VA 23665-5225 G.C. Greene NASA Langley Research Center Hampton, VA 23665-5225 Leonard Weinstein Fluid Mechanics Division NASA Langley Research Center MS 163 Hampton, VA 23665-5225 David Coder David Taylor Naval Research & Dev. Center Code 1543 Bethesda, MD 20084 S.G. Flechner NASA Langley Research Center Hampton, VA 23665-5225 J.B. Peterson, Jr. NASA Langley Research Center Hampton, VA 23665-5225 x Contributors Lisa Bjarke NASA Ames-Dryden Flight Research Facility MS D-OFA P.O. Box 273 Edwards, CA 93523-5000 Michael Goodyer Department of Aeronautics & Astronautics University of Southampton Highfield, Southampton England Colin Britcher Old Dominion University IMEDD Norfolk, V A 23529-0247 K. R. Sreenivasan Department of Mechanical Engineering P.O. Box 2159 Yale Station New Haven, CT 06520-2159 Klaus Schwarz mM, Thomas J. Watson Research Center P.O. Box 218 Yorktown Heights, NY 10598 N aoiki Ichikawa Applied Physics & Information Science 1 - 2 Namiki Tsukuba-City Ibaraki 305 Japan Masahide Murakami Institute of Engineering Mechanics Tsubuka University Tsubuka Ibaraki 305 Japan T. Yamazaki Tsubuka University Tsubuka Ibaraki 305 Japan Contributors xi A. Nakano Tsubuka University Tsubuka Ibaraki 305 Japan H. Nakai Tsubuka University Tsubuka Ibaraki 305 Japan Steven Van Sciver Nuclear Engineering & Engineering Physics University of Wisconsin-Madison 921 Engineering Research Building 1500 Johnson Drive Madison, WI 53709-1687 Michael Smith Department of Physics University of Oregon Willamette Hall Eugene, OR 97403 Joseph Niemela Department of Physics University of Oregon Willamette Hall Eugene, OR 97403 Glen Mcintosh Cryogenic Technical Services 3445 Penrose Place Suite 230 Boulder, CO 80301 K.R. Leonard Cryogenic Technical Services 3445 Penrose Place Suite 230 Boulder, CO 80301 Ronald Smelt 7250 Driver Valley Road Oakland OR 97462
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