Table Of Content

HIGHRESOLUTIONMID-INFRAREDIMAGINGOFACTIVEGALACTICNUCLEI By JAMESTHOMASRADOMSKI ADISSERTATIONPRESENTEDTOTHEGRADUATESCHOOL OFTHEUNIVERSITYOFFLORIDAINPARTIALFULFILLMENT OFTHEREQUIREMENTSFORTHEDEGREEOF DOCTOROFPHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITYOFFLORIDA 2003 11 Copyright2003 by JamesThomasRadomski ToMom,Dad,andmyfamily ACKNOWLEDGMENTS IowesomuchtosomanypeopleitisdifficulttofathombeingwhereIamtoday withouttheirhelp.FirstandforemostIwouldliketothankmyfamily.Theysupported methroughcollegeandlifeandmademeintothepersonIam.Iwouldliketoespecially thankmymotherandfather.Theyneverputanypressureonmeandwerealwayshappy withwhateverIaccomplished.Nomatterhowtoughandcomplextheworldgot,home wassimpleandwelcoming. IcreditmybrotherRobertforinspiringmyloveofscience.I wouldliketothankmysisterKathy.Thereisnotenoughspaceinthisentiredissertation tolistallthenicethingsshehasdoneforme.Abetterpersonintheworldyouwillnot find.IwouldliketothankmybrotherMichaelforhelpingmelearndisciplineasachild aswellasatrulyoddsenseofhumor.IwouldliketothankmybrotherJohn,oneofthe mostcreativepersonsIhaveevermet,whoinspiredcreativityinme. IalsowouldnotbewhereIamtodayifnotformyfriendswhohavesupportedme throughgoodtimesandbad.GregliftedmeupwhenIwasdownandgotmestartedon thecollegiatepath.IwouldliketothankmycolleaguesJimDeBuizerandScottFisher forallthelaughsandallthesupportduringmytimehereatU.F.Itwasandcontinuesto beapleasureworkingwiththem.AndIpromisebothofthemaswellasBrent,wehave notseenthelastofRow90.1havebeenluckytohavehadmanynumerousfriendssince startingcollege.IwouldliketothankthemallfromDr.AubreyatFCCJtotheowners andpatronsoftheFlexandBrett(F&B).Iowespecialgratitudetoallmyfellow astronomersthatsupportedme.IthankChuckandLeonardfortheirguidanceandtheir IV contributionstopteradonpaleontology.Iamgratefultoallmyofficematesoverthe yearsfrom201,301,405,and14andIthankBethforhercounselandfriendship.Ialso wouldliketowishgoodlucktomyfriendBoonwhohasbeenwithmesincethe beginningandthankhimforallhehasdoneforme.IalsooweagreatdealtoPimol whoseloveandsupporthavebeenthegluethathaskeptmetogetherthislastdifficult year. LastbutnotleastIwouldliketothankallthoseintheDepartmentofAstronomywho havecontributedtomysuccess.IthasbeenagreatpleasureworkingwiththeInfrared AstrophysicsGroup.IcreditCharlesTelescoandmyadvisorRobertPinawithmy trainingasanastronomer.AllIknowIlearnedfromthem.Ithankthemforallthe knowledgeandexperiences.IwouldliketospeciallythankChrisPackhamwhose unwaveringsupportgavemeconfidencetocompleteanytask.IalsothankFredHamann forhishelpincompletingmydissertation.IamalsogratefultothecompanyofDavid CiardiandJeffJulianwhomadeobservingrunsaswellasintramuralsportingevents veryentertaining. IthankJaydeepandTheFloridaSpaceGrantConsortiumforhelpin myresearch.Finally,allmydegreesandaccomplishmentsatU.F.havebeenthedirect resultofthehardworkandsupportofthefinestsecretariesIhaveeverknown.Theyhave alwaysbeenmorethanco-workers;theyhavebeenmyfamilyawayfromhome.Iwantto thankAnn,Janice,Glenda,Debra,Audrey,andTraceyforalltheirhelp. ThisresearchwassupportedbytheNASAFloridaSpaceGrantConsortiumandthe UniversityofFlorida. v 111 TABLEOFCONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS iv ABSTRACT ix CHAPTERS 1 INTRODUCTION 1 AGNEmission 2 LineEmission 2 Broademissionlines 2 Narrowemissionlines 2 ContinuumEmission 3 Synchrotronradiation 3 Comptonemissionprocesses 5 Bremsstrahlung(free-free)emission 6 Blackbodyradiation 7 AGNEmissionModel 9 ClassificationofAGN RadioQuietAGN 1 Seyfertgalaxies 1 Radioquietquasars 13 Lowionizationnuclearemissionlineregions(LINERS) 14 RadioLoudAGN 14 Quasars 16 BLLacertaeobjects(BLLacs) 16 Unification 16 UnificationProblems 20 AmendmenttotheGrandUnifiedTheory:TheEvolutionaryModel 22 AdvantagesofaHighResolutionMid-IRSurvey 25 TheGoalofthisDissertation 28 2 OBSERVATIONSANDINSTRUMENTATION 29 SampleSelection 29 V/VmTest 30 SelectionCriteria 3 TheCfASeyfertSample 32 vi CfABiases 32 Biasagainstfaintnuclei 33 Biasagainstedge-ongalaxies 33 TheMR95Seyfertsample 33 MR95Biases 38 ObservingStrategy 39 AGNSample 40 DetectingMid-InfraredRadiation 41 TheAtmosphere 41 TheTelescope 43 OSCIR 46 TheDetector 51 BackgroundSubtraction 52 TheStandardChop-NodTechnique 53 3 DATAREDUCTIONANDANALYSIS 57 DataReduction 57 FileStructure 57 RemovingSub-OptimalDataSets 58 CrossCorrelation .60 SkySubtraction .VJ1 StandardStarCalibration .61 AirmassCalibration .63 FlatFielding .64 Photometry .65 ColorCorrection .66 ThePSFandAccountingforPupilRotation .70 Analysis .74 MeasuringtheUnresolvedComponent .74 ColorTemperature/OpticalDepthCalculations .75 DeterminingtheLuminosity .77 PropertiesofDustGrains .79 4 CASESTUDY:NGC4151 .84 ObservationsandDataReduction .85 Results .87 AnalysisandDiscussion .91 DustHeatedinShocks .92 StarFormation .92 DustyNarrowLineRegion .93 DustyTorus .96 Conclusions .99 vii 6111 5 CASESTUDY:CYGNUSA 100 Observations 101 Results 103 TemperatureandOpticalDepth 109 AnalysisandDiscussion 11 OriginofSubKiloparsecEmission 11 Starformation 11 Heatingfromcentralengine 112 OriginofLargeScaleEmission 113 H5 Conclusions 6 CASESTUDY:MRK231 11 ObservationsandDataReduction 117 Results NuclearSize 119 AGNvs.Starburst 124 Conclusions 127 i rnwriTTsmxrs: 128 GeneralConclusions 128 SuggestionsforFutureWork 129 LISTOFREFERENCES 132 BIOGRAPHICALSKETCH 142 viii AbstractofDissertationPresentedtotheGraduateSchool oftheUniversityofFloridainPartialFulfillmentofthe RequirementsfortheDegreeofDoctorofPhilosophy HIGFIRESOLUTIONMID-INFRAREDIMAGINGOFACTIVEGALACTICNUCLEI By JamesThomasRadomski May2003 Chair: FredHamann Department: Astronomy Type1AGNarecharacterizedbybroademissionlinesinadditiontonarrowpermitted andforbiddenlines,whereasasType2AGNrevealonlynarrowemissionlines. The “grandunifiedmodel”suggeststheseAGNrepresentthesamephenomenon;asuper massiveblackhole(SMBH)surroundedbyadustytorus.InthecaseofType2AGNthe line-of-sightinterceptsthetorus(edge-on)andobscuresthebroademissionlines.InType 1thetorusisorientatedsuchthatthelineofsightisperpendiculartotheplaneofthe torus(pole-on)allowingobservationsofthebroademissionlinesclosetotheSMBH. However,theideathatAGNclassificationdependssolelyonthelineofsighttothe centralenginehasbeencalledintoquestionbyrecentsurveysofAGN. Thesesurveys revealthatthehostgalaxiesofType2AGNtypicallyhaveanincreasedlevelofstar formationascomparedtoType1. Severalauthorssuggestthatthisisduetoan evolutionarylinkbetweenType1and2AGN.Inthesemodelsmaterialassociatedwith circumnuclearstarburstsinadditiontothetorusactstoobscureType2AGN.Asthese IX starburstsevolveovertimeandexpelexcessmaterialthroughsuperwinds,thecentral AGNismorelikelytobeclassifiedasaType1. Akeypredictionofevolutionarymodelsisagreateroccurrenceofcircumnuclear starburstswithType2AGNincomparisontoType1AGN.Previousobservations suggestthesizeofsuchcircumnuclearstarburstmaybeonorderofafewhundred parsecs.Ahighresolutionmid-IRsurveyofAGNwhichcantracethepeakemissionof suchcircumnuclearstarburstsonthescalesnecessarytotestevolutionarypredictionsis needed.Thisdissertationoutlinestheprocessnecessarytoconductsuchamid-IRsurvey andpresentsthreepreliminaryobservationsofAGN.TheseAGN(NGC4151,CygnusA, andMrk231)shownostrongcircumnuclearstarburstactivitybutaretoofewto accuratelytestevolutionarypredictionsstatistically.Howevertheseobservationsshow theadvantagesofmid-IRimaginginstudyingtherelationshipbetweenAGNand starburstactivityinthecentralkiloparsecofactivegalaxies. x