High-rate anaerobic treatment of dilute wastewater at psychrophilic temperature

215 Pages·2017·4.95 MB·English

Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and
Retrospective Theses and Dissertations
Dissertations
1998
High-rate anaerobic treatment of dilute wastewater
at psychrophilic temperature
Gouranga Chandra Banik
Iowa State University
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Recommended Citation
Banik, Gouranga Chandra, "High-rate anaerobic treatment of dilute wastewater at psychrophilic temperature " (1998).Retrospective
Theses and Dissertations. 11593.
https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/11593
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High-rate anaerobic treatment of dilute wastewater at psychrophilic temperature
by
Gouranga Chandra Banik
A dissertation submitted to the graduate faculty
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
Major: Civil Engineering (Environmental Engineering)
Major Professor: T. Al Austin
Iowa State University
Ames, Iowa
1998
Copyright © Gouranga Chandra Banik, 1998. Ail rights reserved
UMI Nxunber: 9826514
Copyright 1998 by
Banik, Gouranga Chandra
All rights reserved.
UMI Microform 9826514
Copyright 1998, by UMI Company. All rights reserved.
This microform edition is protected against unauthorized
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ii
Graduate College
Iowa State University
This is to certify that the Doctoral dissertation of
Gouranga Chandra Banik
has met the dissertation requirement of Iowa State University
Signature was redacted for privacy.
Major Professor
Signature was redacted for privacy.
For the Major Program
Signature was redacted for privacy.
the Qprauate College
Ill
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS vii
ABSTRACT ix
CHAPTER I. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1
A. Introduction 1
B. Objectives of the Study 4
C. Dissertation Organization 5
CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 7
A. Anaerobic Treatment of Wastewater 7
1. History of Anaerobic Treatment 7
2. Anaerobic and Aerobic Treatment 8
3. Anaerobic Bacteria 10
a. Oxygen tolerance 10
b. Microbial pathways 11
c. Physiology 14
d. Hydrolytic fermentative bacteria 14
e. Acetogenic syntrophic bacteria 19
f. Methanogenic bacteria 20
g. Methanogenesis 24
h. Interspecis interaction 25
i. Anaerobic metabolism 29
B. Important Parameters in Anaerobic Treatment 30
1. Environmental Parameters 30
a. Temperature 30
b. Hydrogen ion concentration (pH) 34
c. Alkalinity 35
IV
d. Volatile fatty acids 36
e. Toxic or inhibitory compounds 38
f. Ammonia 39
g. Inhibitor}' treatment intermediates 41
h. Effects of sulfate 41
2. Operational Parameters 47
a. Introduction 47
b. Solid retention time 47
c. Hydraulic retention time 49
d. Organic loading rate 50
e. Food to microorganisms ratio 54
C. Anaerobic Sequencing Batch Reactor 55
1. Background 55
2. Operating Principles 56
3. Process Description 57
4. Anaerobic Bioflocculation and Granulation 58
5. Research on AS BR 60
D. High-Rate Anaerobic Treatment 63
1. Introduction 63
2. Biomass Settleability and Granulation in High-Rate Systems 64
E. High-Rate Anaerobic Treatment of Dilute Wastewater at Low Temperatures 67
1. General 67
2. Previous Results with Dilute Wastewater under Psychrophilic Conditions 68
a. Anaerobic contact process 68
b. Anaerobic filter 70
c. UASB reactor 73
d. Anaerobic expended bed reactor 78
e. Anaerobic fluidized bed 80
f. Anaerobic sequencing batch reactor 81
CHAPTER 3. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP 83
A. Reactor Configuration 83
1. Reactors 83
2. Gas/Foam Separation System 86
V
3. Biogas Recirculation System 87
4. Biogas Collection and Measurement System 87
5. Substrate Feed and Effluent Decant Systems 89
B. Substrate Feed Preparation 89
C. Biological Seeding of the ASBR 91
D. ASBR Start-up 92
E. Reactor Operation 93
F. ASBR Mixing 96
G. Laboratory Analyses 97
1.pH 97
2. Alkalinity 98
3. Volatile Fatty Acids 99
4. Chemical Oxygen Demand 100
5. Solids (ESS) 103
6. Solids (MLSS) 105
7. Biogas Production and Composition 106
8. Automated Image Analysis (AIA) 107
9. Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscopy 110
10. Elemental Analysis of Granules 111
11. X-Ray Analysis 112
CHAPTER 4. ASBR TREATMENT OF DILUTE WASTEWATER AT 113
PSYCHROPHILIC TEMPERATURES
Abstract 113
Introduction 114
Materials and Methods 116
Reactors 116
Substrate 117
Biomass Seed 118
Start-up and Operation 118
Methods 118
Results and Discussions 119
vi
COD Balance 128
Comparison of Performance of Different Anaerobic Systems 130
Conclusions 130
CHAPTER 5. STRUCTURE AND METHANOGENIC ACTIVITY OF GRANULES 133
FROM AN ASBR TREATING DILUTE WASTEWATER AT LOW
TEMPERATURES
Abstract 133
Introduction 133
Materials and Methods 135
ASBR Operation 135
Methanogenic Activity Test 136
Electron Microscopy 136
Results 137
Discussion 141
Conclusions 144
CHAPTER 6. GRANULE SIZE DISTRIBUTION MODEL OF AN ASBR OPER.^TED 145
AT PSYCHROPHILIC TEMPERATURES
Abstract 145
Introduction 146
Materials and Methods 147
ASBR Operation 147
Biomass Sampling 148
Physical Characteristics of Biomass 148
Results 149
Discussion 141
Conclusions 155